Data from: U.S. Bureau of Mines (1977) and U.S. Geological Survey (2014).
Hydroelectric energy involves harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water to drive a turbine that generates electricity.
The worlds most developed economies are in Europe, North America, and eastern Asia.
About 75-90% of the bitumen present is recovered by the extraction process. Nelson Canada, Toronto, ON. Source: B. Freedman.
What are the various non-renewable and renewable sources of energy available for use in industrialized countries? Source: Data from British Petroleum (2014).
Natural Resources: Ecology, Economics, and Policy.
Those who are for continued development of non-renewable energy sources may have high stakes as far as profits.
Data are proven reserves, and are from British Petroleum (2008).
Natural gas is used to generate electricity, to heat buildings, to cook food, to power light vehicles, and to manufacture nitrogen fertilizer.
Most natural gas is transported in steel pipelines from the well sites to distant markets. 1996. The crude oil is then pumped out to the surface, taken through a refinery, and then used to create different products. Apart from fossil fuels, the other category of non-renewable resources is nuclear fuels.
Because petroleum and other fossil fuels are non-renewable resources, their future reserves are diminished when they are extracted from the environment. Mineral Production of Canada, by Province and Territory.
Explain the heavy reliance of industrialized economies on non-renewable resources, and predict whether these essential sources of materials and energy will continue to be readily available into the foreseeable future.
In addition, the supplies of wood, charcoal, and other traditional fuels have become severely depleted in most rapidly developing countries, particularly near urban areas. 2014c. a light hydrocarbon mixture known as gasoline, which is used to fuel automobiles, slightly heavier fractions, such as diesel fuel used by trucks and trains and a home-heating fuel, kerosene, which is used for heating and cooking and as a fuel for airplanes, dense residual oils, which are used as a fuel in oil-fired power plants and in large ships, semi-solid asphalts that are used to pave roads and manufacture roofing products.
Most of the frenetic development is occurring near Fort McMurray, which has rapidly grown from a village in the 1960s to about 72-thousand in 2014.
Deposits of metal-bearing minerals that are economically extractable contribute to the known reserves of metals.
Coal in particular is often contaminated with many inorganic minerals, such as shale and pyrite.
In general, the per-capita use of primary energy (this refers to fuels that are commercially traded, including renewables used to generate electricity) in less-developed countries is less than about 1 toe per person per year.
For comprehensiveness, both non-renewable and renewable energy sources are discussed together in this section. The reserve life is the reserves divided by the annual rate of extraction.
It would mean that virtually unlimited supplies of hydrogen fuel for fusion reactors could be extracted from the oceans, which would essentially eliminate constraints on energy supply. In Malaysia, for example, the national consumption of primary energy increased by 167% between 1993 and 2013, while in South Korea it increased by 118%, in China by 270%, in India by 189%, and in Brazil by 103% (by comparison, the growth was 17% in Canada and 11% in the U.S.; WRI, 2014).
If that happens, there is an increase in the known reserves of the resource.
They include pollution of the atmosphere, groundwater, and surface water; the extensive destruction of natural habitats; and socio-economic disruptions of rural and Aboriginal communities.
An improvement of technology may have the same effect, for instance, by making it profitable to process ores mine that were previously non-economic. Non-renewable energies seem abundant, so you may think that if channeled correctly, supplies will be safe and ample for future generations.
One of these,239Pu, can also be used as a component of nuclear fuel in power plants. To obtain239Pu for this purpose (or for use in manufacturing nuclear weapons), spent fuel from nuclear generating stations is reprocessed.
Non-renewable resources, such as coal and oil, are the primary source of power in the world, and they are used to power vehicles, factories, and homes. It is much harder to find than the other types of coal and is used in the metal industry. %PDF-1.6 %
Electricity is one of the most important kinds of energy used in industrial societies, being widely distributed to industries and homes through a network of transmission lines.
Non-renewable resources are always diminished as they are used. Uranium produced by refining ore typically consists of about 99.3% non-fissile238U and only 0.7% 235U. About 2.7-million tonnes of gypsum were mined in 2013, with a value of $38 million. Data from: Natural Resources Canada (2014a). 2014b. Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia have the largest cement industries, and Ontario the largest lime-making capacity.
All gypsum mining occurs in Nova Scotia. Much metal production is intended for export. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP). What are the roles of non-renewable and renewable resources in a sustainable economy?
A medium-scale (20 MW) tidal-power facility has been developed at Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia.
However, certain kinds of asbestos minerals have been linked to human health problems, particularly lung diseases.
Except for diamonds, these materials have a smaller commodity value (value per tonne) than metals and fossil fuels.
When fossil fuels are burned, nitrous oxides causes photochemical pollution, sulphur dioxide creates acid rain, and greenhouse gases are emitted.
Nevertheless, the discoveries will be limited by the finite amounts present on Earth, so the fact remains that the stocks of these non-renewable resources are being depleted rapidly.
Nevertheless, because of the rapidly increasing scale of oil-sand operations in northern Alberta, there will be a large increase in the total amount of emissions. Other materials that are mined in large quantities in Canada include asbestos, diamonds, gypsum, limestone, potash, salt, sulphur, aggregates, and peat. The SO2may be processed into sulphur or sulphuric acid that can be used in various other industrial processes, or it may be released to the environment as a pollutant.
It accumulates in bog wetlands, where it becomes partially decomposed (or humified). Wave energy can be harnessed using specially designed buoys that generate electricity as they bob up and down, although this technology has not yet been developed on a commercial scale.
2nd ed.
The role of non-renewable energy consumption in economic growth and carbon emission: Evidence from oil producing economies in Africa.
For comparison, Saudi Arabian reserves of conventional petroleum, the largest in the world, are about 36.5-billion t. In 2012, the production of crude bitumen plus synthetic petroleum in Alberta was 89.8-million tonnes, which was equivalent to 76% of the provinces total oil production and 58% of Canadas (Statistics Canada, 2014c). Often, the natural pressure is supplemented by pumping. Development of the oil-sand resource has moved quickly since the first activity began in the late 1960s.
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~=k0>`G4oGq Image 13.3. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2014.http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/.
The fractions may be used as a liquid fuel, or they can be manufactured into many useful materials, such as plastics and pigments. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON. Ore extraction by mining is the initial step in the process of bringing is metals into the material economy. To keep learning and developing your knowledge base, please explore the additional relevant CFI resources below: Get Certified for Financial Modeling (FMVA).
The boiling-hot water can be piped to the surface, where its heat content is used to warm buildings or to generate electricity.
Canadas largest hydroelectric generating facilities are located Churchill Falls in Labrador with a capacity of 5,429 megawatts (MW), La Grande-2 in northern Quebec with 5,328 MW, G.M. Smaller automobiles, improved gas economy of vehicles, better insulation of residences and commercial buildings, and the use of more efficient industrial processes have all contributed to this increased efficiency. Most of the remaining production comes from hydroelectricity (27%), which is renewable (although it can cause substantial environmental damage through flooding to create reservoirs, and can require large amounts of non-renewable resources for the construction of dams, transmission lines, and related infrastructure; see Chapter 20). About 228-million tonnes were quarried in 2013, with a value of $1.75 billion.
Another key use is for the manufacturing of synthetic materials, including almost all plastics. About 1.3-million tonnes of peat were mined in 2013, with a value of $263 million. Salt, or sodium chloride, is used in the chemical manufacturing industry, for de-icing roads, as table salt, and as a food additive and flavouring.
Deeper deposits of coal are mined from underground shafts, which may follow a seam kilometers into the ground. This releases gaseous sulphur dioxide (SO2) while leaving the metals behind. With such a small reliance on non-renewable sources, it is clear that the major economies of the world are not close to having developed sustainable energy systems.
Oil-sand deposits that are close to the surface are mined in immense open pits, while deeper materials are treated with steam so they will flow and are then extracted as a heavy liquid using drilled wells. It is therefore imperative for policymakers in oil producing economies (in Africa) to explore avenues to invest in, and promote, carbon-reducing technology in production processes in their quest for economic growth if they must continue to increase the consumption of their abundant resources-petroleum and natural gas.
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The deposits are extracted through drilling or mining, and they can be in liquid, gas, or solid form. Solar energy can also be captured using black, highly absorptive surfaces to heat enclosed water or another fluid, which can then be distributed through piping to warm the interior of a building. Figure 13.2. In addition to conventional petroleum, Canada has a huge resource of oil-sand, from which a heavy bitumen is extracted that is upgraded to a synthetic petroleum (see Canadian Focus 13.1). Environmental Effects of Mining. However, because this method was the first to be developed, about two-thirds of the recent production of oil-sand bitumen is from surface mines. Image 13.4.
However, in the less-developed countries there is a relatively larger use of non-commercial or traditional fuels for purposes of subsistence and local commerce, such as wood, charcoal, dried animal manure, and food-processing residues such as coconut shells and bagasse (a residue of sugar cane pressing). The reserve life (life index) of Canadian reserves of metals is similar to or shorter than their global values (Table 13.2). High-quality ores are geologically uncommon.
Nuclear Energy. Smaller reactors are sometimes used to power military ships and submarines, or for research.
The emitted neutrons may be absorbed by other atoms of235U or239Pu, causing them to also become unstable and undergo fission in a process known as a chain reaction.
Primary energy refers to fuels that are commercially traded, including renewables used to generate electricity.
Source: B. Freedman. It is primarily obtained through the mining and refining of uranium ore, a naturally occurring radioactive element below the earths surface. Petroleum and natural gas consumption are major drivers of growth among oil producing developing economies. Trends in the Consumption of Primary Energy in Canada.
(1) toe = tonnes of oil equivalent, which allows all of the fossil fuels to be expressed in comparable units
Freedman, B.
This process involves collecting and processing disused industrial and household products to recover reusable materials, such as metals and plastics.
For example, oil and diesel are still good choices for powering vehicles.
Ores with very small concentrations of gold and platinum can be economically mined because these metals are extremely valuable (per unit of weight).
Dont miss out on our newsletter, featuring all the latest stories and products we love. This immense increase of 265% occurred because resource analysts became convinced that the rapidly developing technologies for mining the immense oil-sand resource were economically viable, coupled with a rising value for petroleum, which also bolstered the case for developing the resource. It is important to remember, however, that those known reserves are increased by new discoveries, changes in technology, and more favourable economics for the resource. About 6.4-million tonnes of sulphur were produced in 2013, with a value of $517 million.
The mining of non-renewable energy and the by-products they leave behind causes damage to the environment. The total reserve is about 27.3-billion tonnes of petroleum equivalent (168-billion barrels), but the resource under active development in 2013 was 4.2-billion t (British Petroleum, 2014). There are many arguments for and against non-renewable energy. Table 13.1.
2011.
Non-renewable energy is cost effective and easier to product and use. Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100434. Peat, however, is always mined faster than the slow rate at which it accumulates in bogs and other wetlands, so it is not a renewable source of biomass energy.
For instance, the life index of the global reserves of copper is only about 39 years, while that of nickel is 30 years, and zinc 19 years. In particular, a large fraction of the petroleum extracted in western Canada is exported to the United States, but this is offset by a substantial import of foreign oil to the eastern provinces. We will break down the most important What are SQL Data Types?
This happens because traditional fuels are relatively bulky, smoky, and less convenient to use than electricity or fossil fuels, particularly in the urban environments where people are living in increasingly large numbers. The industry is required to rehabilitate mined sites to a level of productivity at least that of the pre-existing ecosystem. These latter changes have caused the overall use of energy in Canada to increase substantially. hb```,@RAX#QI@E lz~PpA
Fossil fuels are formed due to the continuous heating and compressing of organic matter buried beneath the earths surface.
While it is true that continuing exploration will find additional reserves of these and other non-renewable resources, there are limits to those further discoveries.
The burning of fossil fuels continues to rise producing high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) which climatologists believe is a. There is little doubt that fossil fuels contribute to global warming.
Coal can also be used to manufacture synthetic petroleum. Natural Resources Canada (NRC).
Methane is odorless, and it is mixed with a special additive to give it an odor for easy detection in case there is gas leakage. The ground ore is then separated into a metal-rich fraction and a waste known as tailings.
These are much larger than the 0.5% of the global population that lives in Canada. Since the materials took millions of years to form, they also require millions of years to replenish. The worlds most energy-intensive economies, on a per-capita basis, are those of Canada and the United States (9.38 and 7.13 toe/person, respectively) , which have more than 40-50 times the per-capita usage of people living in the least-developed economies of the world.
Hydroelectric power, generated using the renewable energy of flowing water, is also important in some regions, including much of Canada. Why or why not?
Coal is a solid material that can vary greatly in its chemical and physical qualities. Environmental Science by Dalhousie University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
Table 13.6.
3rd ed. 2014.
As recently as 2010 about 0.18-million tonnes of asbestos were mined in Quebec, but the last two mines closed in 2011 (NRC, 2014a).
Apart from non-renewable resources, there also exist renewable resources that are also a source of energy.
2009.
These non-renewable energy sources account for 72% of the total use of primary energy in Canada.
Describe the global and Canadian production and use of metals, fossil fuels, and other non-renewable resources. In addition, asphaltic materials are used to construct roads and to manufacture roofing shingles for buildings.
Metals are used to manufacture tools, machines, and electricity-conducting wires; to construct buildings and other structures; and for many other purposes.
However, there are thermodynamic and economic limits to recycling, which means the process cannot be 100% efficient. Biomass can also be used to manufacture methanol, which can be used as a liquid fuel in vehicles and for other purposes.
Initially, locally collected wood and other plant biomass were the fuels used for those purposes.
Source: Dosya: Hibernia platform, Wikipedia Commons;http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Hibernia_platform.jpg.
Outline the ways in which you use energy, both directly and indirectly.
There are, however, limits to the number of new discoveries of non-renewable resources that can be made on planet Earth.
The Oil Sands of Alberta
(Technically, these deposits are most accurately referred to as bitumen-sand, but sometimes the derogatory term of tar-sand is used.)
In addition, the influence of negative change in petroleum and natural gas consumption is similar to those observed for positive change in Egypt and Nigeria. 2014.
Energy Consumption in Selected Countries in 2013. In a few coastal places, tidal energy, the kinetic energy of tidal flows, can be harnessed to drive turbines and generate electricity. Reserves of Fossil Fuels in Selected Countries.
3rd ed. Peatis a sub-fossil material that has developed from dead plant biomass that is hundreds to thousands of years old.
ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Countries that are developing rapidly are intermediate in their per-capita energy consumption, but their rates of energy use are increasing rapidly due to their industrialization.
Between 1996 and 2013, a total of $376 billion was invested in new and ongoing projects, with $59 billion in 2013 alone (CAPP, 2014).
Oil-sand is a fossil-fuel resource that consists of a mixture of sand and clay with interstitial bitumen at a concentration of 10-12%. Anthracite contains 86% to 97% carbon, and it has the highest heating value. In this chapter we learned that the non-renewable resources that are vital to the functioning of modern advanced economies, such as that of Canada, are being rapidly depleted.
However, the rate at which fossil fuels are being extracted and used is enormously faster than their extremely slow regeneration. Table 13.5. Provincial Production of Fossil Fuels, 2012. Deep within those geological formations, under conditions of high pressure, high temperature, and low oxygen, the organic matter transformed extremely slowly into hydrocarbons (molecules that are composed only of carbon and hydrogen) and other organic compounds.
About 80% of the oil-sand reserves are potentially recoverable by in situ technology, which results in much less disturbance of the surface environment, compared with open-pit mining. 
