In our study, the subjects were adolescent students who attended school for many hours. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-017-0646-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-017-0646-3. Air quality guidelines - global update 2005. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Google Scholar. Prior to this study, its protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Board of Hyogo College of Medicine. In addition, the development of early warning techniques for health risks may promote residents to efficiently take actions and protections against air pollution exposures and their health hazards. 
J Jpn Soc Atmos Environ. Traffic-related particulate matter and acute respiratory symptoms among New York City area adolescents. Childhood asthma and exposure to traffic and nitrogen dioxide. Article 2014;49:1525 [in Japanese]. Environ Health Perspect. Society CotEaOHAotAT. Huang et al. Many studies involving patients with respiratory diseases, such as asthma [13,14,15] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [16, 17], have been carried out to evaluate the acute effects of air pollution. The results suggested acute effects related to changes in the concentrations of O3 and PM2.5 in subjects with a history of asthma or allergy. Niu HT, Yu T, Li XX, Wu HN, Yan ML, Duan RR, et al. evaluated the associations between personal O3 exposure and biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondria oxidative damage among 43 college students in Shanghai.
CAS China CDC Wkly 2021;3(45):964 8. The interaction with medication should be further evaluated. 
In view of the compound characteristics of air pollution complex in China, establishing innovative technologies and methods for health risk assessments of multiple exposures simultaneously as well as illustrating their joint effects and mechanisms are highly needed. Niu HT, Yu T, Li XX, Wu HN, Yan ML, Duan RR, et al. Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co., Ltd. World Health Organization. However, there was no significant relationship with an increase in the outdoor concentration of O3. Particulate matter between 2.5 and 10 m in diameter. Air pollution and lung function among susceptible adult subjects: a panel study. Part of For analysis, we used SPSS 22 software (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, U.S.A.). Impacts of PM. Patel MM, Chillrud SN, Deepti KC, Ross JM, Kinney PL. In our study, the relationship with the indoor concentration of O3 and pulmonary function was marked. 3(b)). In those with a history of allergy, it reduced significantly with an increase in PM2.5 concentration. Google Scholar. The estimated changes and 95% confidence intervals for (a) PEF and (b) FEV1 are shown per increase in interquartile range (IQR) of the concentration of air pollutants in relation to a history of asthma or allergy. CAS 
MS was the research leader of this study. However, pulmonary function tests were conducted every morning, and a significant reduction in pulmonary function related to increases in BC or O3 concentrations was observed, even though the number of subjects was relatively small. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 2016;94:7682. Chronic exposure to high levels of particulate air pollution and small airway remodeling. No.155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China. Bernard A, Nickmilder M, Dumont X. Airway epithelium defects and risks of allergic diseases: multiple associations revealed by a biomarker study among adolescents. Therefore, subjects with a history of asthma or allergy were considered to be more susceptible to air pollutants. Short-term exposure to high ambient air pollution increases airway inflammation and respiratory symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in Beijing, China. Size distributions of trace metals in atmospheric aerosols in the United Kingdom.
Therefore, the acute health hazard of air pollution is a major environmental, medical, and public health burden in China. Zhang WL, Yang X, Jia X, Dong W, Li HY, Pan L, et al. Atmos Environ.
The association between PEF and indoor O3 was also significant after adjustment for indoor PM2.5 or NO2. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. In subjects with a history of allergy, pulmonary function reduced with an increase in the concentration of PM2.5. However, the results of studies among patients with specific diseases or epidemiological studies in areas with a high concentration of air pollutatnts are not always adaptable for a general population. 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. 1978;118:1120. PubMed Central The adverse impacts of air pollution on human health have already been a major environmental issue globally, and the challenges are even more severe in China. 2014;9:e104177.
The authors would like to thank the staff of the National Institute of Technology, Yuge College for their technical support. indicated that allergic airway diseases are not merely disorders of the immune system, and that allergic diseases primarily arise from airway epithelium defects resulting from immaturity or caused by environmental insults [35]. 1985;79:1127. Google Scholar. HT, JW and TI performed pulmonary function tests among students. Yoda, Y., Takagi, H., Wakamatsu, J. et al. Gaseous substances, such as O3, are sometimes generated indoors; therefore, their concentrations in living spaces should be measured and used for exposure assessments. Acute effects of air pollutants on pulmonary function among students: a panel study in an isolated island, Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-017-0646-3, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2008;116:8328. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. Springer Nature. YY, HT, JW and MS designed the study. The subjects were 43 students from whom written informed consent was obtained (aged 1516 years, mean: 15.1 years, 29 males and 14 females). The associations between the concentrations of air pollutants and changes in parameters of pulmonary function during the study period are shown in Table3. Those who selected Yes to the question Have you ever been diagnosed with allergic rhinitis? or Have you ever been diagnosed with pollinosis? were regarded as having a history of allergy. Lim HJ, Turpin BJ, Russell LM, Bates TS. Lagorio S, Forastiere F, Pistelli R, Iavarone I, Michelozzi P, Fano V, et al. Additional file 1: Table S1 shows the estimated changes in PEF and FEV1 associated with an IQR increase of each pollutant [see Additional file 1]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Co-exposure to multiple pollutants and its cardiovascular effects in a subway system Beijing Municipality, China, 2017. Privacy Miller FJ, Overton JH, Jaskot RH, Menzel DB. Acute effects on pulmonary function in young healthy adults exposed to traffic-related air pollution in semi-closed transport hub in Beijing. The indoor concentration of O3 was more markedly associated with pulmonary function compared with its outdoor concentration, and the effect of O3 was still significant after adjustment for PM2.5 or NO2. Cite this article. Liu L, Poon R, Chen L, Frescura AM, Montuschi P, Ciabattoni G, et al. Committee of the Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly of the American Thoracic Society. Jacobson Lda S, Hacon Sde S, de Castro HA, Ignotti E, Artaxo P, Saldiva PH, et al. On the other hand, the PEF reduced significantly with an increase in the indoor concentration of O3 in those without either history (8.84 L/min [95% CI:16.28,1.40] per IQR increase). The third limitation is that only PEF and FEV1 were used as pulmonary function parameters. Associations between air pollutants and pulmonary function during the study period in each single- and two-pollutant model. Sarnat SE, Raysoni AU, Li WW, Holguin F, Johnson BA, Flores Luevano S, et al. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. conducted a study among children with asthma, and reported that an increase in NO2 concentration significantly reduced pulmonary function [40]. 2006;27:35965.
Yuge Island is an isolated island in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan (Fig. performed a 5-year follow-up survey of 3535 children without asthma, and indicated that 265 were newly diagnosed with asthma during the follow-up, suggesting that high-intensity exercise in an area with a high concentration of O3 promotes the onset of childhood asthma [31]. Exposure response relationship of acute effects of air pollution on respiratory diseases China, 20132018. Lancet 2020;396(10258):1223 49. This study was approved by the Ethics Review Board of Hyogo College of Medicine (17-May-2013, approval number 1474). With funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the China Short-Term Health Effects of Air Pollution Study (China SHEAP Study) project was carried out in 2016 and hosted by the National Institute of Environmental Health (NIEH) of China CDC. In subjects with a history of asthma, PEF and FEV1 decreased significantly with an increase in the indoor concentration of O3. 2010;45(6):28992. 2010;118:133843. The results suggested that short-term exposure to O3 was significantly associated with the increased risk of mortality and that the association was positively modified by relative higher (>75th 24 h-average temperature) or extreme cold temperature (<10th 24 h-average temperature) (7). Subjects who selected Yes to the question Have you ever been diagnosed with asthma? were regarded as having a history of asthma. Mann JK, Balmes JR, Bruckner TA, Mortimer KM, Margolis HG, Pratt B, et al. 2016;8:E6974. Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic Society). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4.2 million deaths annually can be attributed to outdoor air pollution in 2016 (1). China CDC Wkly 2021;3(45):959 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2. The concentration of NO2 measured in our study was relatively low; therefore, there may have been no influence on the respiratory system. Location of Yuge Island in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. PubMed The results suggest that gaseous substances, such as O3, are sometimes generated indoors, and that the indoor concentration of O3 more markedly influences pulmonary function compared with its outdoor concentration. However, recently, the influence of transported air pollutants derived from the Asian Continent has been indicated [20]. Through multilevel and multidimension data as well as the integration of key technologies, this project illustrated the distribution characteristics of population-based acute health risks of complex air pollution and established a dataset for complex air pollution and health as well as a data integration platform. Finally, Chen et al. China CDC Wkly 2021;3(45):959 63. reported that FEV1 decreased by0.15% (95% CI:0.28,0.02%) when the exposure concentration for 2 h increased by 10 g/m3 [25]. 2014; doi:10.1093/occmed/kqu129. These provocative findings warrant a multiomics approach to comprehensively explore the etiological evidence, the underlying mechanisms, and the causal linkages between air pollution and health effects in China, relying on the available list of biomarkers associated with key toxic components of air pollutants. In these subjects, the two parameters decreased slightly with an increase in the outdoor concentration of O3. Atmospheric ozone (O3) pollution has demonstrated an increasing trend year by year, and the problem of regional compound pollution has become prominent. 2002;359:38691.
Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe. It was thought that the high concentrations recorded were largely due to transported air pollutants including yellow sand and the emissions from marine ships. Qian Z, Lin HM, Chinchilli VM, Lehman EB, Stewart WF, Shah N, et al. A model of the regional uptake of gaseous pollutants in the lung. In summary, the above studies employed different epidemiological designs to assess the impact of short-term air pollution exposure on multidimensionally adverse health outcomes. We had conducted the survey in the same area in the autumn of 2013, and found negative associations between pulmonary function and the concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and BC among subjects with a history of asthma [41]. Environ Health Perspect. World Health Organization. Environ Health Perspect. Lancet. In our study, pulmonary function may also have reduced through such a pathophysiological mechanism. In subjects with a history of allergy, PEF reduced significantly with an increase in the indoor concentration of PM2.5 (6.71 L/min [95% CI:13.36, 0.06] per IQR increase). The results showed that air pollutants were significantly related to the increasing outpatient and hospitalization rates of chronic respiratory diseases (3). For example, Niu et al. The results of these studies were consistent with those of our study. In subjects with a history of asthma, an inverse association between the indoor O3 concentration and pulmonary function was observed. The decrease in PEF was significantly associated with indoor O3 concentrations (8.03 L/min [95% CI:13.02,3.03] for an IQR increase of 11 ppb). Furthermore, most studies adopted concentrations at monitoring stations in the neighborhood to evaluate the influence of air pollutants on the respiratory system. In addition, these studies have been primarily conducted in urban areas with a high concentration of air pollutants, involving factories and automobiles [18, 19]. A p-value of 0.05 was regarded as significant. Co-exposure to multiple pollutants and its cardiovascular effects in a subway system Beijing Municipality, China, 2017. N Engl J Med. There were strong positive correlations between the outdoor and indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 (r=0.82 and 0.92, respectively). The background characteristics of the subjects are shown in Table1. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. With respect to the acute effects of PM2.5, Huang et al. Among subjects with a history of allergy, an increase in PM2.5 concentrations was significantly associated with low FEV1. Furthermore, the duration of indoor daily activities is longer than that of outdoor activities; therefore, when concentrations at monitoring stations in the neighborhood were used, exposure assessment may not have been accurately performed. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The second limitation is that the study period was short and was limited to one season. PLoS One. indicated that the odds ratio of asthma was 1.83 (95% CI: 1.043.22) when the outdoor concentration of NO2 increased by 5.7 ppb (IQR) [39]. Acute effects of air pollutants on pulmonary function among students: a panel study in an isolated island. Many epidemiological studies on the health effects of air pollutants have been carried out in regions with major sources such as factories and automobiles. The indoor concentration of O3 more markedly influenced pulmonary function compared with its outdoor concentration. This research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (5-1456) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. O3 exhibits acute effects on the lungs [29]. Acute effects of particulate matter and black carbon from seasonal fires on peak expiratory flow of schoolchildren in the Brazilian Amazon. Cookies policy. During the study period, no subject developed respiratory symptoms, such as cough, sputum, or wheezing. In the present study, to estimate the exposure to air pollutants accurately, we conducted measurements of the indoor concentrations of air pollutants in addition to outdoor concentrations. The Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA). Yoda Y, Otani N, Sakurai S, Shima M. Acute effects of summer air pollution on pulmonary function and airway inflammation in healthy young women. Res Rep Health Eff Inst. Xing YF, Xu YH, Shi MH, Lian YX. Google Scholar. 2012;87:2630. 2012;23-33. B: Subjects with a history of allergy other than asthma. BMC Public Health. Lancet 2020;396(10258):1223 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2. Environ Health Perspect. found that short-term co-exposure to multiple ambient pollutants could disturb the cardiac autonomic function, and that black carbon (BC) and noise were the two pollutants with the greatest contribution (6). Huang et al. Furthermore, Liu et al. 2011;37:102936. Furthermore, PEF reduced significantly in relation to an increase in outdoor PM2.5 or BC, after adjustment for outdoor NO2. World Health Organization. In the future, the inflammatory state of the airway should be evaluated objectively in addition to pulmonary function tests. Jap J Allergology [Arerugi]. This study investigated the acute effects of ambient air pollution on pulmonary function among healthy students in an isolated island without major artificial sources of air pollutants. Am Rev Respir Dis. It was also reported that transported air pollutants and emissions from marine ships affect the levels of air pollution in Kyushu, Japan [23, 24]. Terms and Conditions, During the four-year implementation period, the project has achieved a series of innovative findings: 1) it clarified the acute impact of short-term exposure of air pollutants on death of residents and their spatiotemporal distribution characteristics in 106 regions nationwide; 2) it systematically evaluated the acute exposure-response relationships between particulate matter (PM) as well as gaseous pollutants and death, morbidities and symptoms of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in typically polluted cities from three regions and ten urban agglomerations that conducted national air pollution prevention and control; 3) identified acute health effects of differential particle size and chemical component exposures on children, healthy adults, and patients with cardiopulmonary diseases and determined the particles and their components with major toxicity potency; and 4) conducted intervention research to assess the impact of different intervening measures on acute health hazards of air pollution. Correlation of indoor and outdoor concentrations of a PM2.5, b O3 and c NO2. Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Lurmann F, Kuenzli N, Gilliland F, Peters J, et al. We performed analyses using two-pollutant models to adjust for confounding effects of co-pollutants. Patel MM, Chillrud SN, Correa JC, Hazi Y, Feinberg M, Kc D, et al. Amadeo B, Robert C, Rondeau V, Mounouchy MA, Cordeau L, Birembaux X, et al. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Eur Respir J. A: Subjects with a history of asthma. Among air pollutants, particulate matter 2.5 m in diameter (PM2.5) induces an inflammatory response of the airway when inhaled, reducing the pulmonary function [8,9,10,11]. Acute effects of personal ozone exposure on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial oxidative damage Shanghai Municipality, China, MayOctober 2016. The mean indoor concentration of PM2.5 was 17.09.6 g/m3. Intra-pulmonary O3 uptake was reported to peak in the terminal bronchioles [34]. GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Measurement of offline exhaled nitric oxide in a study of community exposure to air pollution. These adverse effects of air pollution may be modified by medication for asthma or allergy. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of the other pollutants and changes in pulmonary function. Using a standard questionnaire [21], respiratory symptoms and the presence or absence of a history of asthma or allergy were evaluated. To measure the atmospheric environment, an automatic particulate matter-measuring device (SPM-613D, Kimoto Electric Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was installed on the roof of the school, and PM2.5, particulate matter between 2.5 and 10m in diameter (PM10-2.5), and BC were measured continuously. Airway antioxidant and inflammatory responses to diesel exhaust exposure in healthy humans. conducted a study among school children in New York, and indicated that symptoms, such as wheezing and shortness of breath, deteriorated with an increase in BC concentration [26]. Environ Health Perspect. Bell ML. Pulmonary function reduces with an increase in O3 concentration, because O3 may increase inflammation of the airway as a potent acidic pollutant [10, 33]. Mortimer KM, Neas LM, Dockery DW, Redline S, Tager IB. Air pollution and acute respiratory response in a panel of asthmatic children along the U.S.-Mexico border. 2006;5:11. As the 1-month survey was carried out in such a place, the influence of exposure to air pollutants on daily living could be evaluated accurately.
