Find these with these special Subject terms. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. sulla primary sources. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. With Sulpicius able to enact legislation without consular opposition, Sulla discovered that Marius had tricked him, for the first piece of legislation Sulpicius brought was a law transferring the command against Mithridates to Marius. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. Primary Source Terms:. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. Books. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. After massacring a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he successfully plotted the assassination of one another royal claimant before returning home. Website. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Published by at 29, 2022. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. Archives; Correspondence The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. He could acknowledge the law as valid. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. The allies in central and southern Italy had fought side by side with Rome in several wars and had grown restive under Roman autocratic rule, wanting instead Roman citizenship and the privileges it conferred. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. . [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Tweet. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. The ancient biography of Sulla written by Plutarch is useful. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. Making of America. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Examples include journal articles, reviews . The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Roman military leaders. [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. He brought Pompeii under siege. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. Plutarch, writing much . [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. Tools for primary source analysis. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office.
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