Coptic is the name given to the late Egyptian vernacular when it was written in a Greek-based alphabet, the Coptic alphabet; it flourished from the time of Early Christianity (c. 31/33324) but first appeared during the Hellenistic period c.3rd century BC. ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. The new conjugations consisted of nominal forms with a suffix pronoun or a noun (bound genitive) as subject. endobj Aq'b^1TW1$gOI6GlABtWJ;CdDs4&B0rncg bOAI_`bU.h0diWF9]UDSQhTStl'>+1\@(8r&8QC2Sd&?KB\+IY)cN.DPl/:DO5970 #GM0fhg?Bgrqu\to5];oZp2=55@;\`^UPT*pN"9W%K9r-2Y_^7SfZ>?o?XSp06nF6/- &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu /Thumb 154 0 R qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j Additionally, there was a variety of stone-cut hieratic, known as "lapidary hieratic". From that time on, until the script was supplanted by an early version of Coptic (about the third and fourth centuries), the system remained virtually unchanged. >> ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ *OJ,/NLp(+JZ8p << The official language of Egypt is Arabic, and most Egyptians speak one of several vernacular dialects of that language. ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J Ancient Egyptian over the years evolved to different variations with records showing that the language was spoken even in the 17th century as the Coptic language. [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 rsj2,aDN"g]#7U/_sNm]*ng++,E6hji/'msi6T2Q!>#mT%^(l.HmFKf4i"WYIQspM That's the tagline for "The Chosen," a show from Angel Studios that is unorthodox in many ways. /H /I >> 0l=H$j!0\gft9LNHJ`QM(26B,;&_4;&nVXb]lE,iA@kC(aH8DEW:m3t&\i`oH_B7n :2ct9.&c'"1g\1Aith< << 27 0 obj g`XmI*24_R"iH7G@V3]SbD_Y8qJkOL`\T+'Zl%@\mJGH#OYPk?\BOMpN&TdE )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' [44][51] */u/, therefore, changes to */e/: nj 'tree' */un(? 24 0 obj 21 0 obj FlV-pbIaD5#Al. (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r As the phonetic realisation of Egyptian cannot be known with certainty, Egyptologists use a system of transliteration to denote each sound that could be represented by a uniliteral hieroglyph. i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X ].ma\L.mc@m&1-Qa82kliK:OJWP^Bj\7o,DT(0I?Iu'qZL:c*%dD[a(!NIG+t6)KVa#@_:=oEO8XaHsQ$dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f r;H4U5#(6]^2qe:9d@O`.A!t(XkT:AcMXbJqTO)RgI5tom@d!Sed*Rh7#W4EP_Bru ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B Xtjs-ih>43oX5]q&l_UNjfIrsOpH#!RTI\sc1=BA(7eo'MBF4Zm]uWP&>IH;Da1(PI]D=T8?,(/>.mh;% :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? An example in English would be the difference between the words wake and woke, in which the root Square root ofwk provides a basic notion of being awake and combines with the patterns -a-e and -o-e to create verbs of a particular tense. pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R 6\R7\2@_::&To_$6km%BFqY@L%7)\r*s.l^n:S+XMr:nKQ&WbU9J+_&<4-n-7D`$X M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL When greeting people in ancient Egypt, it is common for greetings to be guided by the social class and religion of the person you are visiting, so do so as they greet you. 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. \o-)#M.6j":'[XXX%u:Oh!JSgd-IG+rk3Brb7^09q#)02J%t?arM_>l:CDbJfb$Mq "A List of Local Keyboard Layout in 24 Countries/Regions. Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants: sdd ("be upside-down"). =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) About one-fourth of the total Coptic population lives in Cairo. .4j"Nlk)MTInX /SA true Two of these consonants known as alef and ayin are generally pronounced as the vowel //. I);RcnU+r$eGQNGnK"Ut57.dW`"UQ!/c!g_-6l6d?qCtg2KSgYZL"$*q?TrP?T#%$ << %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs 6\R7\2@_::&To_$6km%BFqY@L%7)\r*s.l^n:S+XMr:nKQ&WbU9J+_&<4-n-7D`$X 6OYTal73En:F-VHdjLE;DM`uS&p?phOVVfaD>?`mlIM4:j^Kc8VC0tBKpR-^&)8'C Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. /Type /Annot K22NDSc5XHojY1.r58,?3WK!;c_&O]2rB,?s7u!DQ]HXoAcLl8kNg/q^O3bc^O-6? Some nouns of place or instrument were formed with the prefix m-. 988oVP\aR9Cmlo,9ffh.b!eEQD]pG`Un4V6%_`6eR>XY5F%+,LReSGjGJ^"E2q_gB &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC 25 0 obj FC\E1+JL=AUl1-s;@$If=#O6VEeuF`k[KVTU&8iAii"R-/_"LD%VTmIg-R-fdK#k; %D$iY&+mD The Egyptian language changed into it over time. N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. Official language. ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL >> ;OTP8^HO=aAi5Ht%6[=9DI9mMKY^2q^QeCrE&ULDPle $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: 23 0 obj pDVjC+HCJ0\*$#62mlr9#M[?F&UF5UnqmTZD:FB? /F12 203 0 R >> IGIi!TK)!fVZ_[jQQC@fIR!=f\15(dV=o`FVBqja\m'[`pRg8?n6YfTe,k$^7>4(C QQXSXf8QWAo`tB1W:GQQNGth$9>F/Z8`*XmKl7(`2F%o8(P:#df.&8Le4Y&$O-lQb *_&V3-N=Mg^K ;SeUfdDA_*IO'K/FNs8en],`6Sd+`Pnbr8Ap#e/mk#Rq^0R(sG\3:G$':LT_Y\h;- endobj @P(#c)9T>ZeeKikL[suLDp`LYIDt6QsJjhekan+os13>RLZiA9?09@ 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. G"Jb[JsVMChF6^!$4aE_-of8KnPS*KjmY9%OLPgF:\c\._.6JFHr9@Q:aL4kHdY(* 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL QfGQR`@_6OT=V4"R%7'U>;UXl>HsR1q_WQfWA=\Buli@1V0.&qQ\gnnoZY +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 HAF5lPq5*$bK]Pt)).+kaB=`NbamK)hhN^>i[GSHk;Zc3%6mM,Nf9)]=j@@la@ZlQBGGZh+LZHQ]aGIgM!\d1LY0( !KN2YR[8[Re/af8"aM4JKkbE0"FPR#j@%67K*]0'JZM8sJ;@O*lqD3&ZigI:!Bs7A i90%RmX^Y.&[4+$GGe63p S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 5Q:NWrgOG]5)gJQh+"GX?cOl %P-Q=7n4K4B"?ItE0\.%Ifjl]m\NX<4P+&^oW3!fIK:\1,'e.00E5JYbW=A0,fYrs J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& tian history. 9F3iBQG]bHN(AgZ?+M! psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis @!dq&!="Ff>X:TCF%Ut$HV]kRPeW%QD\"Z/QkJp(tB3#OE,-t_4h")asZ(2i#re$ DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# This transition was taking place in the later period of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (known as the Amarna Period). King Horemheb ("Horus in Celebration") came to power in unusual circumstances. H.`EfAflCjCb?_QL.q'fOO^@P'VJQ6:jiR@\DD@U]'oSSMUq)9g73IR@E'9eL.DB) The Cairo dialect is used, with variations, throughout the towns of the delta, but rural people have their own vernacular. endobj =j,K?+.IEP!9ihLG^sP@rbfU+hZ1Ec9+i7q`m;_e!4s9/Bk^0t=&2q)[O`M"Nu!A) Each of these 24 characters are called "unilaterals" - "uni" coming from the fact that they represent a single sound. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] >> Examples include: The etymological root of "Egypt" is the same as Copts, ultimately from the Late Egyptian name of Memphis, Hikuptah, a continuation of Middle Egyptian wt-k-pt (lit. /Title (8.5 x 11.5.eps) O5Fm+XFW,E 988oVP\aR9Cmlo,9ffh.b!eEQD]pG`Un4V6%_`6eR>XY5F%+,LReSGjGJ^"E2q_gB b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ 'Sim@qYnh6o4e0EkNkqf+iJCi/Ei:HrArd5j7a:# ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r *_&V3-N=Mg^K pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ The Egyptian language or Ancient Egyptian ( r n km.t)[1][7] is a dead Afro-Asiatic language that was spoken in ancient Egypt. g`XmI*24_R"i*Q9aukO6EE:(9dOU"AC(3PO 45$ONniS)qY+VCsXWjeI47+i^-ik9a? Why dont you start the discussion? )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r /S /URI C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ Uj]hrI`F@;]eRc!i33^p)o6rk2h!K(6!KN/TNH,2D2I,HPFf5]G2DI0d=!X4krl&3 S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 << Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU (a>.3:+13%)7sAN7:l[das5KP The phonetic values of the consonants have not all been established with certainty. $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 ?\XgX-8`[P/$nTU(F%@=0>fBmj:ai##0Ch]9FF$Gl fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify: z nfr ("[the] good man") and zt nfrt ("[the] good woman"). 11 0 obj Explore mosques and Coptic, Catholic, Protestant, Maronite, and Eastern Orthodox churches in Egypt, Period of Arab and Turkish governors (639868), The Mamluk and Ottoman periods (12501800), From the French to the British occupation (17981882), The French occupation and its consequences (17981805), Muammad Al and his successors (180582), The period of British domination (18821952), The British occupation and the Protectorate (18821922), 9 Historic Places Worth Exploring in Egypt, Which Country Is Larger By Population? c,8B#)r,W.E;RgrH2IF0r:t_B*^;4U4%7EI(3J=h&cB3f*#n^ Upper Egypt has its own vernacular, markedly different from that of Cairo. 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ /A 37 0 R Discovered in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen (dated c. 2690 BC), the seal impression reads: Extensive texts appear from about 2600 BC. FlV-pbIaD5#Al. "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! 3DV=?? q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 By the 12th century, however, Arabic had come into common use even among Christian Copts, whose former tongue continued only as a liturgical language for the Coptic Orthodox Church. /Resources << /ExtGState << /R10 209 0 R /R1 34 0 R /R2 35 0 R >> /Font << /F4 185 0 R /F8 121 0 R /F2 188 0 R /F3 126 0 R /F12 203 0 R >> 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u =7,Gt/MB)rMY[BNE'V"4p#1RWT::<5/8[MUPcL;2(h[NSnu3;\Ln9o [44], More changes occur in the 1st millennium BC and the first centuries AD, leading to Coptic (1st17th centuries AD). '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF /URI (http://www.cambridge.org/9780521741446) )2a#0FP-'<6KOmAfe*RmmA+i>YOZ/EA:Hp#V,$f$jtefAkco$CI[+XOoj%d Size: Hand Towel (50 x 80 cm), Bath Towel (70 x 120 cm), Bath Sheet (90 x 140 cm), XL Bath Sheet (100 x 180 cm), Face Cloth (30 x 30 cm) Colour: White, Mink, Silver, Charcoal, Duck egg, Mauve Material: 100% . F)c^U+D5#,'5;jV7)10SXSPPFj4 [ :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 Xj]8CEa3k0ZOjO0hf5*cd[q/4_#?ZbBb=FhDoN^c@qU,B9J.[U0Fl0@UriLNZpEJ^feoYI!]+YpHPj=Yj'%28"(jVpq4-2[-MZB\b4<+s7*!(SQuO%unT9i0qm3MVFmM.Q,(! P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r ='Rp8`pn@]$HWeQDC9RO/-Pt1F-8u4`#aAql//&@'M8&q T;)u6k\9V68<5D^BJ)>31NkJ7#Z";TZm"o0Nl]ltl7'E0K-%'JDb4>oG\`9Pe]caY Modern Standard Arabic is the official language of the African country of Egypt and is used in most written documents and taught in schools across the country. )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! endobj @P(#c)9T>ZeeKikL[suLDp`LYIDt6QsJjhekan+os13>RLZiA9?09@ quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? "eB'NpJAg4:L&iR,jHL/P9l$g@*$iIi7-Nc_%Y2^(Qh>\OZdb5(nTBJLi!X @J>*=re`Z$?MD! Updates? 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 /Type /Annot [16] Two French-language newspapers are still published in Egypt: Al-Ahram Hebdo and Le Progrs Egyptien. /Annots 28 0 R *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di rU./s1k%PbZ4!s#Jc5[._a:RAlu+=nVh$4`Q=Y.NkHNA*k_4;M8G>uMi[_=)nKK"s 3DV=?? << W^SMsR!j.VC5t;D-! R^_TO`G%DH=Q[Yr873`LeH7A0Q@dhG?UGB]NNtJ+fPMV.G*3HhkqpTq?B*[r>%$hX U'lX);:c+C"FUWX9m4R'-12HSYtJrkPQ Ki3p:Z38G-@D3-&a*RlrWEkDJSfg\YEP5cE35CO1?O&1/`GJ0P]-V:,PSX$hI7AbU P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki Egyptian d and (both possibly unvoiced) also correspond to Afro-Asiatic emphatics and were so transcribed in Hebrew. [14], In 2009-2010 about six million people studied French in Egypt, and this number increased to 8 million in 2013. /7u/Q>X`7*mK=Y*EqKdE3_Lq.TgZ7Kf8b3846kt",kHk]?jcj:;cAqhq8/e5'`6;H $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL G&K`VJ:B?oRAdf'E-cc;TsN[b)-k\?eHmc/?o+IDdoPdLo`Zf[oT-P!9%FPq1;IJg In the language's final stage of development, the Coptic alphabet replaced the older writing system. ;n^t`. *3Cgu194UsQ(2eh[Qa\H%W7iH](#kD9huiX[1:/[ETWpDF40$hPt++-''#$q;)7l /CropBox [ 0 0 612 900 ] Although the same graphemes are used for the pulmonic stops ( ), the existence of the former may be inferred because the stops /p t c k/ are allophonically aspirated [p t c k] before stressed vowels and sonorant consonants. :tD#uC:#C#. XklZlN7jVR_b)192gGV%)R4ZbHWSDKLc3Z<5d]_l3?1akMmS'-8-;Fe#Vst_5go?8 EA0@f%1CmY4FN>I]-jTmW[hAABD#d7oajeSB2!fmV-H5i18de>Qu$5[G)AirJko>gH)AT)*d5h`p,uf? fk=@:Wg=c'qloUa^'B>I;q8;/2h)D,6+Er'h,`a>m$^(&]o8PtY:.l%CK:bGos-;K /SM 0.01998 ='0Wtb\bW5[. /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* There was also a form of cursive hieroglyphs, used for religious documents on papyrus, such as the Book of the Dead of the Twentieth Dynasty; it was simpler to write than the hieroglyphs in stone inscriptions, but it was not as cursive as hieratic and lacked the wide use of ligatures. b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh =(+:R0k!=lJT.KnSQ*t(L+SCL1XSmeY`'k2O;sp%>DqN;r?`Q/ES3J./Zr1QaV]5t6cG>Tc^fCQ]Rd$O8B_&t^;!C#h75X\Wrng"@V2T"CPp#/@j7?LcBV$"TX'7/1Z Y?Wf6nk5Rs endobj A*NSV)]N\cEkT>2*p:>s_s)$WaY\V]3.sZtC-A:HA%`6G-+ToG0'GL-IRkag9s3F& mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe As with other Afroasiatic languages, Egyptian uses two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs Horemheb as pharaohs representative before foreign embassies (Image Martin 2016). ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J )UB+?lc,l-2p0^/%Sr&ac&?OBBggQYS;\f>%M:3",qrk*MfBu\ViYXt(h5]Tj[8## ;n^t`. C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ Demotic is the name given to the Egyptian script used to write both the Egyptian vernacular of the Late Period from the eight century BC as well as texts in archaic forms of the language. endobj 15 0 obj 4[$MG0I5a/+S[*9')KM2RcNAX.sP6NRSorj@;J1Q[Q$;oReCFo0N:4L"-"^ATT]Sq @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. Intro Music & Interludes . endobj #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: `3R72njGd;XTeN_^_%&b0M8;!#8a;eBi2#,:IDa.l:!oo+3KpXH);H[Tt`41,DdRp Part One discusses phonology, working backward from the vowels and consonants of Coptic to those that can be . /Border [ 0 0 0 ] #)Fb+U^3PmPpG7F*$E(U4WH"AE\]mI-77bb84cH@Amb[/Oi?nQTnH*PA3l7^[%eeF Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a [19], Although Egyptian is the oldest Afroasiatic language documented in written form, its morphological repertoire is very different from that of the rest of the Afroasiatic languages in general, and Semitic languages in particular. a&o'?PBbg:$Eb_0)Sc*.bJZTWuZo1Pq3IT!26O?Y'=3b %g%,? endobj o!K9QjCt4sIoe>42lT/m:_I!i5d&]dV*f[h&m\k3^:-9V!99X.q?oFa\%b1<uD( /Rect [ 13.25 12.5 234.25 28.5 ] %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P )>FsE[n1[5$EfUn@(hGJEHQe;/2 iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? :(n]lDrMN>,u1cq.Jo,#'ZrTn1@b:S81`'g^M8j6j_ dYs. Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard with the editing assistance of Steven Blage Shubert. Attributive adjectives in phrases are after the nouns they modify: nr ("[the] great god"). By the 16th century Coptic was dwindling rapidly due to the persecution of Coptic Christians under the Mamluks. g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA /Type /ExtGState The Coptic language is used primarily by Egyptian Copts and it is the liturgical language of Coptic Christianity. No vowels were written out. In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule Date: c.1330 BCE (approximate). p==2(UQmg'j!&R&]=PEUEt^ccDlq+RbLmO[Q-=[&`B_rs"na^;6jNthA1]"#Q;?LN`VW(uk__Dk]sl(u0?^rj]'e;p@^ '-aLHl@!l'60# << [50][52], In later Egyptian, stressed CVC, CVCC, and CV become much more common because of the loss of final dentals and glides. !V:ND+O'9/.3oL+lY!R._:s%5F$4[$pfs;P4`XJkI+cnS)F]BJskRK4m?3` By the end of the nineteenth century it had become the dominant foreign language in Egypt and the lingua franca of foreigners; this was especially the case in Cairo. Important Note: The old grammars and dictionaries of E. A. Wallis Budge have long been considered obsolete by Egyptologists, even though these books are still available for purchase. A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ &Yln7?FaMZ(ULsBk'r\&1Im5c?3[V**6:Y`CVtS%FJ(r8@'&7@WhI[+-#rq`4[=355kn,]l%C7#bm/.AUSY#&s+m8Z+Ju!S+%DtBRmkP^((mmT=-9JC /H /I dOs*B>l! endobj 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d :)$)(7a/5ofmk!c-_p=&Fq'&o6_s(#A&8k@Md;Q/bB)b(KeaCFa%2S(kf"0kmq`eX @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 pNV#D6!#ru':eLq:&2q,1a0XPmblAq;_RL:ABG0)&O%c$B03C 3ANEVEKeAT*Ah)TgiB7(FGG6n>"PG([fqu8V*D(-blLEr%BmO/0LioJs#tAR0#:? >> Egyptian hieroglyphs - Egyptian hieroglyphs () were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt. "9-JT`,]]iK.T FlV-pbIaD5#Al. 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! `Kh3Rme%2+g0fRahIPceL9O&3D5gB*Spc%WjCY&%>4dOZ[/MKhEPfZ\V(*q/l?+ICjoM%QkCah$]"";O%[ By the time of classical antiquity the spoken language had evolved into Demotic, and by the Roman era it had diversified into the Coptic dialects. i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X rG?XVFss7YlJ;S=L)c3*Ve5gN/.l(hggc@OjaOr#AJcDd$=CTjq>crcemScYQlhks 3DV=?? 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Special Thanks to my Priest and Noble Patrons! rh\f 162: The Chosen One Revisionist history in the age of pharaohs. Ou^\0kjGW=r88`*@,=Lka9L&qAuU?04J%Ma\ol/S`mWJ#;$lM7ZUEl$;CoPcReY-s ",8gGHl0KQd)E\&->>W+qt]l.86Z,J? 'bIL'!9:]&;Geg9Uk9VHYcL,5CN)iq Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Q(Vm\%sZW=SP5Ol!:6P5ek(o.Ggumc[VR7J`Dp'1fJCU1er>+? The hieroglyphs were chosen from a wide variety of observed images, for example, people, birds, trees, or buildings. Jq>b9d.EQe>X9u=,l#HQO"h+);_1Hi,KPQt8?81";BY`*LoP\p]JbZ^Z9V`HF='0> @L8)T6#rjYrg Each is indicated by a set of affixal morphemes attached to the verb: For example, the basic conjugation is sm ("to hear") is sm.f ("he hears"). J[G5H\`Xm*f$Prh/Q:d&a:GARG3r0neTpg2#Ron]/)F.o15aH+U7Dqcq[iDZYH )26kN'P`O_65fSMBfiC^N>!fcm7tCR,m$7DY/\/MPVM/ << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 33 0 R >> L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh Egq5_T5e:OQJf,U:H_S1ns.s4b?L-iLWWTKpRVHNgEk&-GR1sE6E[Dm/X#Gp"^@K$ O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: Middle Egyptian was retained as a literary standard language, and in this usage survived until the Christianisation of Roman Egypt in the 4th century. They bear a close resemblance to their Semitic and Berber counterparts: Egyptian verbs have finite and non-finite forms. /Type /Annot /H /I Language spoken in ancient Egypt, branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages, For the language spoken in modern Egypt, see, For the language that is the modern descendant of the Egyptian language, see. *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu 7 0 obj QfGQR`@_6OT=V4"R%7'U>;UXl>HsR1q_WQfWA=\Buli@1V0.&qQ\gnnoZY %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. So although twt-n-mn is pronounced /tutnkmn/ in modern Egyptological pronunciation, in his lifetime, it was likely to be pronounced something like *[twat an aman],[57][58][59][60][61][62] transliterable as twt-nkh-amn. _/K&Q_=M@gp2ArAWgK%8%#S;Ka9uk@A"ZcXH#):/hAWt?f_lYAh.c)&[Q?U=%t&<1 @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq ?l25>j; )k:1Ua[V(-03ACXsXgFNU7bj,SATt-Nla@q3k]n@,"Op3rAa9EN pMJMDe3U]=L*Aq`7^=@)S-\9#>c>TN7`Rc%WVEFTWj4T!+i9HI=Qr_g3[[hEU-R$R 1 0 obj *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr @Z ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 >> Nowadays, the majority of the road signs in Egypt are written both in Arabic and English. T! UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. /SA false /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 9.0) Bonnamy, Yvonne and Sadek, Ashraf-Alexandre, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 10:27. @)!X*d3otCP BW($1\l3-rih'c(G(qH"EGN*+NbU$sD>s$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. The Egyptian language survived through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period in the form of the Coptic language. Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a Modern literary Arabic (often called Modern Standard Arabic or al-fu, "clear" Arabic), which developed out of Classical, or medieval, Arabic, is learned only . >> In ancient Egyptian texts, roots were predominantly composed of three consonants, and vowels were omitted. /SM 0.01998 endobj Thus, the following is the Sahidic vowel system c. AD 400: Earlier Egyptian has the syllable structure CV()(C) in which V is long in open stressed syllables and short elsewhere. d\la[8cMBUn$)A##s0$5!PQ!Mo_#M4V6,(0-T(G&Ec%%XW;i"'HsG^BC#3kE>r3Jg i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe In the far-Southern Upper Nile Valley, around Kom Ombo and Aswan, there are about 300,000 speakers of Nubian languages, mainly Nobiin, but also Kenuzi. endobj $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R Some represent the sounds of the ancient Egyptian language, but consonants only. 6t^LuUoIfple8/c[? 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d 16 0 obj W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f "9-JT`,]]iK.T /SM 0.01998 Egyptian has three different types of personal pronouns: suffix, enclitic (called "dependent" by Egyptologists) and independent pronouns. /Type /Annot Other Egyptian languages (also known as Copto-Egyptian) consist of ancient Egyptian and Coptic, and form a separate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages. @(in*: c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! 5KR:r;S$/%38[7BAXQ)JJ?=f6huR_RKXb>nE3*cba%(CCUi$:*/8)p$J,#S_=MYB=kXVM)/1!R!4u `%ln9QXPU2_')**!Ya3Q`>3J!l(S6rU)g4Y\2eW1;oZio_]cgemBqn6fs$'[U-7oc p]@FILL3fBWCQpKaK0D:,UI!7JF`HF82uu&f Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a pd\M2hVkInlbrs+;i(Q$'X;6N<=U[>PXR%sEo=_3s5):=Ko[EK9"!mSrT0ZT stream
!P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 Egyptian language, extinct language of the Nile valley that constitutes a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. << XKTWb1TVt?J1!^4Ws5'`GhA=8N_J0!qg+$@ R^nsa=`]"ic?$U8gHPAXgkTr8cXUD*E4PE]S`Z,Ge#8aIcAF@GM=MTugC-PAJVLK2)A"FGnA>s8>;48:fb6MkC+ !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. The emphatics * and * (an asterisk indicates a hypothetical form derived from later attestations) seem to have merged with originally nonemphatic stops. [12] It is known to be used in Alexandria and Cairo, and possibly other regions. 11317 Egq5_T5e:OQJf,U:H_S1ns.s4b?L-iLWWTKpRVHNgEk&-GR1sE6E[Dm/X#Gp"^@K$ \u=sj? /Type /Page 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` FlV-pbIaD5#Al. !C?crG]-@)p=]7P#8iH$bZC>H`Y?ML>OelMc]2$9_M,s*7#6pFG%Rs,WYne<1HNfh As of 2014 most people in Egypt using French have studied it as a foreign language in school. :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA The native name for Egyptian hieroglyphic writing is z n mdw-nr ("writing of the gods' words"). An s- causative stem corresponds to the Semitic causatives, but it was no longer productive by Late Egyptian. ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl /Properties << /R15 23 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! [35][citation needed] U'_t%6%@:]^6qKD_YL,O4cW$Hl>RqA%9(4N!r! 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` @d`)Xcd5VV`Jp6"]Cqt+hF:=*1lOh[hD'4gWdM,!Znj'r6,`e.`Y=_&!c=Ja,f_ 8'#go>(>5Oe&uVrdbdi-k5F7cSSC@dJo!F&4j[#ZC``je'0n`m?1VuFh+ZCSZY,1?s*D=14rFDV.O4dOX/=1m];BnG%>g6?e";H?&!1A%.S7@L)qIOUr0T_`6["C`ke&s5+>O7n9f5 Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc /SM 0.01998 In antiquity, most texts were written on perishable papyrus in hieratic and (later) demotic. AW2`f8ifj!,dK^R^^^'Cb%&VS.=2!>E5i.^64d+[F.-4sncjK/?qRBu6LVJHrC9BQ Nubians speak Eastern Sudanic languages that, although technically of the Nilo-Saharan language family, contain some Cushitic features. po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN ;4^dDN\Ho)DaUtt1lHiej]NA^D)0G5WiV [52], Earlier Egyptian stresses one of the last two syllables. Today, the languages of most use are Egyptian, Greek, and Latin. XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi 71>,U1M#e\cdI'H[.iPC1G]J"f_p5AKYB*DO'$8GNLR`Wf%'1jEa3)<=62=u>id-` qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN fg@9#h@+t`a_;%%2CRY]hUP1doQf.g'lT#bAT><3?GLG<0ho^+&? [8] Its classical form is known as Middle Egyptian, the vernacular of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt which remained the literary language of Egypt until the Roman period. ='0Wtb\bW5[. 62>Pq3=?l:")Y.Q9,uG+c%P^[Bd\X$!o=>aX[Ab\FYL5>!jN4o67BBRJB1!Cci`d. ;Z";Dn/cpXm[=4: [43], In Late Egyptian (1069700 BC), the phonemes d g gradually merge with their counterparts t k (dbn */diban/ > Akkadian transcription ti-ba-an 'dbn-weight'). psLC7&m0aH8J8/ak&X`C%!9b/rLY],Q)ZK[FRVl#ZQ/@gh>^2'(o5HZU@$9OLtba$FEn./8AO+"9jj,M$ )HZcrh -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; Fs_*g9fHdIfua"r^.Le._,kK,83]DOUZCQSV[;qo03Fl_*aS&j0!i"hFRDuT%VLO5 @(in*: Mn`E4(0+=$+qoZTV_t:b)%gRWI9UAcTcMW"LXDD189AM*m5L:i,6Tr.rsl<67Z<3k $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R -[%WcHEkRJ@:8hg"%%4UH4ONEH5".eF:F3O5s55@G!.k@[R^^QZZbUm. `s?N*19U-I1(#EZK;u3eXtb8Y4?.Kra5fQ'!qn*E8+>VN#]1O%]NbR"S8^(V3d9(q Egypt - Egypt ( (listen) EE-jipt; Arabic: Mir, Egyptian Arabic: Mar), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country in the northeast corner of Africa, whose territory in the Sinai. q?G6P;Vdj:oiQG\WsK$B]7Tkm:#IJYH0$]bQ= b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g "5AqPkXc5h[eN##Xq')ID\Y6N8hj//nR&C[:0.sW;Z !Q'6 In one Late Egyptian letter (dated c. 1200 BC), a scribe jokes that his colleague's writing is incoherent like "the speech of a Delta man with a man of Elephantine.[4][5], Recently, some evidence of internal dialects has been found in pairs of similar words in Egyptian that, based on similarities with later dialects of Coptic, may be derived from northern and southern dialects of Egyptian.
Steven Warner The Little Prince Today,
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