After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." If those Catholics decided to rebel against . One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. - Leith blockade. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Died: 24 March 1603. - rebelling of scottish lords. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. Most people in . It had to deal with Irish . They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Become a Member | First English colony in Virginia established. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. Boston Spa, We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Spouse: None. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Overview of Elizabeth I / Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Write a paragraph or two. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Student / Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. As such, I disagree with the statement. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. - death of henry II. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. West Yorkshire, Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. Topic guides / Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. . The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Company Reg no: 04489574. 214 High Street, The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Doodle's Point of View Born: 7 September 1533. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. By 1568 most people had accepted. Mary was spared. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. The war was going badly for England. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Boston Spa, They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. The invasion failed, however. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. LS23 6AD Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. 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If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. (*fragmentary*). Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. . Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. West Yorkshire, The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Elizabeth I: a biography. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. West Yorkshire, The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them.
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