Discussion Questions 1. These services also provided suggestions for how to revise webpages for faster performance. Poor readability will be an issue in low light or for users with poor eyesight, and users will appreciate the ability to adjust the font size. Others studies look at the relevance of empirical studies (Bargas-Avila and Hornbk, 2011) and the move from quantitative data to qualitative data (Dimond et al., 2012). Designers of childrens software also have a responsibility to attend to dangers, especially in web-based environments, where parental control over access to violent, racist, or pornographic materials is unfortunately necessary. 3. The interface objects were a single paddle, a ball, a single player, and some rudimentary sound. For regular users who want additional control, advanced command languages can be offered to search databases (e.g., SQL; see Section 15.4). Peoples spectral range and sensitivity vary, and peripheral vision is quite different from the perception of images in the fovea (the central part of the retina). . Select. Gestures may have different actions when applied on an object, on the background, or toward the edge of the screen, which can be frustrating when applied inadvertently; therefore, it is important to ensure easy reversal of actions. Navigation harnesses users ability to rapidly skim choices, recognize what is relevant, and select what they need to realize their intentions. Also, how do we best incorporate and evaluate qualitative data and dimensions such as fun, pleasure, joy, affect, challenge, or realism? Label each page in multi-paged displays to show its relation to the others. In a textual-document search, advanced search interfaces may give users control over variant capitalization (case sensitivity), stemmed versions (the keyword teach retrieves words with variant suffixes such as teacher, teaching, and teaches), partial matches (the keyword biology retrieves sociobiology and astrobiology), phonetic variants from soundex methods (the keyword Johnson retrieves Jonson, Jansen, and Johnsson), synonyms (the keyword cancer retrieves malignant neoplasm), abbreviations (the keyword IBM retrieves International Business Machines, and vice versa), and broader or narrower terms from a thesaurus (the keyphrase New England retrieves Vermont, Maine, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut). ), should be made convenient by leaving the search terms activealong with an easy way to clear theminstead of asking users to start from scratch every time. Use of contextual information. In database search, the preview information might indicate which collection the item belongs to or include a photo and important attributes (Fig. 11.6) is a popular app that allows users to share silly photos, videos, and doodles with their friends that can only be viewed for up to 10 seconds before they disappear. Less-media-rich channels provide flexibility in how people choose to express their identity or identities. When evaluating mobile devices in the field, unobtrusive methods to gather data may be needed.
_BKk_\-4$P)Yvb5\cN rGr]-JUL5Ltbab}5rI+ys?CiN:@96Y%k-LX_6pPjj~QGE&e)pRv\fyDMS|@w0>13D=49l#]((%};aCly0fZ9 "O4n AZa-|v73g?E-~kA{U2YmO l# gl<2vk"qrfEnIsr,{)?+nEn1fV&{2%nDB(:yC$e The opportunities for researchers are unlimited. Common in personal computer applications. It changes the style of programming because a nonreversible action is implemented by a simple function call whereas a reversible action requires recording the inverse action. Favor broad and shallow hierarchical menus. Some systems monitor user behavior and show start-up tips only for features that arenot used by this particular user. Information exploration. For each stage, indicate the number of weeks that should be allocated. Tullis, Thomas, and Albert, William, Measuring the User Experience: Collecting, Analyzing, and Presenting Usability Metrics, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann (2013). Chapter 1 covers usability goals, measures, and motivations as well as general goals for the HCI profession. The formative evaluation identifies problems that guide redesign, while the summative evaluation provides evidence for product announcements (94% of our 120 testers completed their shopping tasks without assistance) and clarifies training needs (with four minutes of instruction, every participant successfully programmed the device). Among the above indirect pointing devices, the mouse has been the greatest success story. M11_SCHN3919_06_GE_C11.indd 397 16/02/17 10:50 AM 398 Chapter 11 Communication and Collaboration in an e-mail group listserv, which is different still from writing a public comment on a New York Times article. A taxonomy of mobile device applications could guide innovators: Monitor blood pressure, stock prices, or air quality and give alerts when normal ranges are exceeded. In an online game like World of Warcraft, an older man could play the character M11_SCHN3919_06_GE_C11.indd 409 16/02/17 10:50 AM 410 Chapter 11 Communication and Collaboration of a young woman, or a teenager could role-play as a sage and aged magician. User controls may be needed to pause, skip, or replay the animation. {8GN:}GDz Tiny icons are difficult to design and are rarely used, as they take up space and require labels anyway. The Structured Query Language (SQL) remains a widespread standard for searching such structured relational database systems and often is the underlying query mechanism hidden under a more accessible front end. Newer concepts that extend direct manipulation include virtual reality, augmented reality, and other tangible and touchable user interfaces. They allow users to compose a document or speak search terms such as movie theater in college park and then correct mistakes with the keyboard instead of typing all the text. Comparisons of todays assistants such as Siri, Google Now, Cortana, and Hound seem to suggest that mapping the recognized text to the most appropriate action is the most challenging task (Ezzohari, 2015). Even when a keyboard and pointer is available, having to correct errors is a significant distraction from the main task. M04B_SCHN3919_06_GE_C04.indd 159 13/02/17 6:08 PM 160 Chapter 4Design Researchers Agenda Human-computer interaction guidelines are often based on best-guess judgments rather than on empirical data. Boellstorff, Tom, Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human, Princeton University Press (2008). Maintain a consistent format for any particular type of data display from one display to another. Envision the elementary-school language teacher trying to train schoolchildren in spelling when the papers students hand in are spell-checked, grammar-checked, and even autocorrected as they are typed; the students will have no incentive to self-correct, and the teacher will not be able to see what mistakes they are making. Failure to perform and document testing as well as not heeding the changes recommended from the evaluation process could lead to failed contract proposals or malpractice lawsuits from users where errors arise that may have been avoided if the problems had been detected and changes made. In the 10 years since its launch, the platform has become an important way for people to share information, find experts, surface breaking news photos and videos, coordinate efforts during natural disaster responses, and maintain an awareness of the pulse and reactions of those on the network (Vieweg et al., 2010; Diakopoulos et al., 2012). Some are critical and humorous, while others are informative, providing lessons learned and suggestions for improvement; an example is the error-message discussion on the Microsoft Developers Network (2015). This not only can be an accessibility challenge but also is distracting to all users. << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 Although it can require additional effort, designing for diverse users is cost effective and sometimes leads to major breakthroughs. Kraft, C., User Experience Innovation: User Centered Design That Works, Apress (2012). For example, an SQL-like command might be: SELECT DOCUMENT# FROM JOURNAL-DB WHERE (DATE >= 2004 AND DATE. However, many users never learn keyboard shortcuts (e.g., Ctrl-Z to undo), despite the fact that menu selections can be performed much faster using those shortcuts than by using a pointing device (Grossman et al., 2007). The semantic level describes the meanings conveyed by the users input and by the computers output display. Tobii is one of several manufacturers. Alphabetic fields are customarily left-justified on entry and on display. More established principlessuch as recognizing user diversity, striving for consistency, and preventing errorshave become widely accepted, but they require fresh interpretation as technology and applications evolve. Novelty is threatening to many people, so clear statements about what to expect can be helpful in reducing anxiety. These are places where measurable performance in terms of speed and errors can be reported using controlled experiments. Visual presentation of the objects of interest provides a convenient environment for showing changes explicitly (see the discussion of direct manipulation in Chapter 7). Label the fields. Researchers and designers deserve as much recognition as the Moores Law community for bringing the benefits of information and communications technologies to more than 6 billion people. This extension to Fittss Law is quite understandable; it suggests that the precision-pointing movement time consists of the start/stop time (a), a time for gross movement, and a time for fine adjustment. 14.6 Online Communities and Other Avenues for User Support Instead of natural language conversations with computers to get help, interaction with other people online is proving to be effective and popular. Since the operated devices are remote, unanticipated interferences are more likely to occur than with physically present direct-manipulation environments. Over time, the reliance on formal user manuals, printed documentation, and tutorials has been less frequent. Transparency of actions can also support learning by others who can then readily observe how a process works. In certain interfaces, it is necessary to inform users of an abnormal condition or time-dependent information. For large documents, automatic scrolling to the first occurrence of the keyword is helpful, as are markers placed along the scrollbar to indicate the locations of other occurrences M15_SCHN3919_06_GE_C15.indd 529 16/02/17 11:51 AM 530 Chapter 15Information Search (see Fig. Restaurateurs who list dishes with idiosyncratic names such as veal Amlie, unfamiliar labels such as wor shu op, or vague terms such as house dressing should expect that customers will be puzzled or anxious and that waiters will waste time providing explanations. For fields that must be filled in, the word Required or some other indicator (e.g., *) should be visible. Often, a flowchart or transition diagram helps designers to record and convey the sequences of possible actions; the thickness of the connecting lines indicates the frequency of the transitions. 7.9).
Users gain satisfaction in overcoming the difficulties and becoming one of the inner circle gurus of their favorite command language. M02_SCHN3919_06_GE_C02.indd 73 13/02/17 5:53 PM 74 Chapter 2Universal Usability 2.9Accommodating Hardware and Software Diversity In addition to accommodating different classes of users and skill levels, designers need to support a wide range of hardware and software platforms. When users are navigating through a menu structure, they may become disoriented. Navigation by selection is an interaction style that is especially effective for users who are novice or first-time users, are knowledgeable intermittent users, or need help in structuring their decision-making processes. This predictive approach, based on goals, operators, methods, and selection rules (GOMS), decomposes goals into many operators (actions) and then into methods. The impact of guidance and feedback on password-creation behavior, Proceedings SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM Press, New York (2015), 29032912. 
