copper tailings composition

Aliahmad M, Moghaddam NN. Copper tailings are a finely ground waste after copper mineral has been extracted from the ores during beneficiation. After 10min, the yield of -Fe2O3 increased even more and achieved a peak of 73.52%, whereas the grade of -Fe2O3 was slow, only 49.96%. XRD spectra of roasted slag at different roasting temperature. In the preparation process, polypropylene fibers and the dry powders (i.e., cement, fly ash, silica fume, natural sand, and tailings) are firstly blended for three minutes to obtain a uniform mixture. 2017;24(2):16570. Effect of size of particles on -Fe2O3 recovery.

The mixture with 100% recycled glass as aggregate showed an 18.2% higher dynamic yield stress than the control mixture with sand. 2010;174(13):717. Separation and recovery of iron from a low-grade carbonate-bearing iron ore using magnetizing roasting followed by magnetic separation. 10.1016/j.jece.2015.03.015.Search in Google Scholar, [24] Rai S, Nimje MT, Chaddha MJ. It should be reminded that red mud is a high alkaline material (pH>12.5 usually) containing considerable contaminants, such as radioactive minerals, alkaline compounds, fluoride, heavy metals, etc. J Environ Manage. Rapid hardening Portland cement P. O 42.5R, fly ash, and silica fume were used as binding materials. Under these conditions, the yield was 67.21%, the content of -Fe2O3 separated from roasted slag was 66.86% with sulfur 0.08%, and the Ms of magnetic concentrate was 12.94emu/g. The main results of the abovementioned studies are summarized in Table2. Gubin AS, Sukhanov PT, Kushnir AA, Proskuryakova ED. 2019;26(2SI):45866. Ahmari and Zhang (2013) selected cement kiln dust (CKD) as the supplementary material to modify the properties of copper tailings-based geopolymers when using NaOH as the activator. The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests. Under the optimized parameters, 100g magnetized sample and 4g SDS were mixed evenly and then transferred into a 1,000mL beaker with about 500mL water and an appropriate amount of alcohol. The CKD addition strongly improved the final compressive strength and durability but water absorption. (2013) has a sizeable silt fraction of 0.060.002mm. Recovery of iron from copper tailings via low-temperature direct reduction and magnetic separation: process optimization and mineralogical study. 2019;79:106020. When the particle size was large, the non-magnetic particle would be attached to the magnetic particle and would be magnetized [26], which lead to the decrease in the grade and the increase in the yield simultaneously. (2021). Resilient modulus: The resilient modulus of the copper tailings mixes, measured at 25 and 40C in both aged and unaged conditions, tended to be higher than the reference mix, which suggests copper tailings may be more angular than the crushed granite.

Meanwhile, although the magnetic intensity was excessive, gangue particles were absorbed on magnetic particles and were separated together [27,28]. Your documents are now available to view. This could lead to more rigid geopolymer gels. Polym Test. When the temperature reached 1,000C, magnetite appeared as shown in Figure 8. J Lumin. J Mol Liq. 2017;158:7380. A CKD content of 5% did not lead to obvious morphological changes (Fig.4) of the binder phases (labeled as A); however, when it increased to 10%, a monolithic binder between particles (labeled as C) appeared. Quantitative XRD results revealed higher chantalite contents in the geopolymer prepared using GWR compared with that obtained only with the iron tailings; the authors attributed this to the additional Si and Al provided by GWR. Sui YL, Guo YF, Jiang T, Qiu GZ.

2017;24(2):16570. In general, the following points have been observed: Table 6.5. Extraction of copper from its ore in copper industries produces two types of waste named as copper slag and copper tailings. Results are shown in Figure 7. In the same study, the effects of bitumen characteristics were investigated; however, this is considered to be outside the scope of this section. The Si/Al ratio is one of the main factors determining the geopolymer properties, including mechanical strength, immobilization capacity, and durability (Xu and van Deventer, 2003). J Clean Prod. In a separate study, Harish etal. 2019;8(3):303643. J Iron Steel Res Int. Indeed, for several elements, the leached concentrations are well below the maximum allowable limits, as can be seen from Table 8.1.

High-magnification scanning electron micrographs of geopolymer brick specimens prepared at 15M NaOH, 16% initial water content, and curing at 90C for 7 days by adding different cement kiln dust contents: (a) 0%, (b) 5%, (c) 10%, and (d) 10% combined with 7 days of immersion in water. 10.1021/acs.est.8b02027.Search in Google Scholar, [3] Nleya Y, Simate GS, Ndlovu S. Sustainability assessment of the recovery and utilisation of acid from acid mine drainage. The magnetic field intensity was 160mT. When airflow was high, the excess air may decrease the roasting temperature and take away some powder with iron [24]. etal., 2017). 2018;205:7818. 2017;24(9):97482. 2016;371:6773. 10.1016/j.cej.2014.10.025.Search in Google Scholar, [10] Geng C, Wang HJ, Hu WT, Li L, Shi CS. Most of the iron existed in non-magnetic characteristics, which were hard to separate. Results are shown in Figure 2. Copper ore tailings were sampled from Liwu copper of Jiulong County in Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan Province, China. However, its high total silica, alumina and iron oxides (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3) of more than 85% and low loss on ignition of less than 3% meet the chemical requirements of FA suggested in ASTM C618-12a (2012), which might suggest that copper tailings can be potentially suitable for use as a stabilising agent for soils. Funding information: Funding was provided by Long Shan academic research support program (No. 2017;24(10):9917. Chemical composition of the magnetic concentrate (wt%).

In this work, after analysis of chemical composition and mineralogical phase composition, the effects of parameters in both magnetization roasting and magnetic separation process with respect to roasting temperature, residence time, airflow, particle size distribution, magnetic field intensity, and the ratio of sodium dodecyl sulfonate to roasted slag were investigated. (2016), when using gold tailings as a single precursor, observed the highest compressive strength (3.5MPa) at a high NaOH concentration (15M) after curing for 28 days. A detailed list of other test methods used can be found in Chapter 3 (Section 3.7.1). 2017;52(10):176874. From Figure 10, maghemite was the major metallic mineral phases in magnetic concentrate. Chem Eng J. The microstructures and elemental analysis of copper ore tailings, roasted slag, and magnetic concentrate were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (Leica Cambridge LTD, 15kV), with magnifying multiple ranges from 3,000 to 200. 2018;205:7818. After roasting at 1,200C with the duration time from 20 to 60min, the sulfur release rate reached to 99.78% and the residual S content reduced to 0.06% [4]. Copper ore tailings were roasted at 1,200C for 30min with different airflow, and the magnetic field intensity was 160mT. Therefore, sulfur release was studied first in previous study [4]. The magnetic field intensity was 160mT. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. 10.1007/s11671-010-9664-4.Search in Google Scholar, [7] Aliahmad M, Moghaddam NN. Sulfur compounds were easy to decompose and release sulfur with the increasing roasting temperature ranging from 1,000 to 1,350C [19]. To comprehensively reuse copper ore tailings, the recovery of -Fe2O3 from magnetic roasted slag after sulfur release from copper ore tailings followed by magnetic separation is performed. The roles of roasting temperature, residence time, airflow, particle size, magnetic field intensity, and the ratio of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) to roasted slag were established. However, the current studies about the recovery of -Fe2O3 remain unsolved. 2003;22:12835. Selective and fast recovery of neodymium from seawater by magnetic iron oxide Fe3O4. (2019) tested the application of iron tailings as the main geopolymerization precursor, attaining high mechanical strength; after curing for 7 days at 100C, the highest compressive and flexural strengths were 112.8MPa and 21.3MPa, respectively. 2012;73(7):86772. Mater Sci-Pol. As shown in Table 2, the content of Fe2O3 reached 36.35wt%. It is very clear from these studies that there exists a trade-off between rheological and mechanical properties of 3D printed materials which demands fundamental understanding about material behavior to optimise the replacement percentage. Liu YJ, Huang LB. Selective and fast recovery of neodymium from seawater by magnetic iron oxide Fe3O4. Effect of roasting time on -Fe2O3 recovery.

10.1007/s12613-017-1485-3.Search in Google Scholar, [23] Lei C, Yan B, Chen T, Quan SX, Xiao XM. Meanwhile, sulfur in the form of SO2 was released from the inside of pyrrhotite to the surface through slits.

(2007), Das etal. In this case, most of the mine tailings can serve just as an aggregate considering their extremely low contribution of reactive Si and Al. When high roasting temperatures exceeded 1,200C, the sintered sample would melt. Low and non-Ca-containing additives such as fly ash and metakaolin usually show higher reactivity than mine tailings during alkali activation.

Meanwhile, compared with the XRD spectra of copper ore tailings, the pattern of pyrrhotite disappeared, which indicated that pyrrhotite decompounds and was oxidized. Saravanan P, Alam S, Mathur GN. Among these materials, alkali-activated pozzolanic materials are widely used because of their relatively simple processes. While at 1,050C, the reaction was accelerated suddenly, which promotes the oxidation of Fe3O4 to -Fe2O3. 10.1016/S1006-706X(17)30145-0.Search in Google Scholar, [11] Zhang XK, Zhou KG, Chen W. Recovery of iron and rare earth elements from red mud through an acid leaching-stepwise extraction approach. 2010;174(13):717. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results indicated that the Si/Al ratio of A increased along with the CKD content because of the enhanced dissolution of Si due to the alkalinity increment via CKD hydration. It revealed that the grade was increased and the yield was decreased with increasing SDS. Polym Test. In the presence of water, fly ash (especially class C fly ash) hardens and becomes stronger over time. Dhrutiman Dey, T.G.

Moreover, minerals with potential cementitious properties, such as blast furnace slag, fly ash, metakaolin, and, Kinnunen etal., 2018; Vargas and Lopez, 2018, Du etal., 2012; Yang, Z.Q.

Mater Sci-Pol. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.019.Search in Google Scholar, [29] Bellam R, Anipindi NR, Jaganyi D. Effect of CTAB and SDS on base hydrolysis of iron(II)-sulphonated and unsulphonated phenyl-1,2,4-triazine complexes-akinetic and mechanistic study. Meanwhile, the iron units are concentrated in the roasted slag and existed in the form of -Fe2O3.

However, bulk density and mechanical properties are negatively affected because of lower specific gravity of rubber particles and weak rubber-cement interface. Large recycled aggregate increased the bond strength by increased interlayer roughness and surface area of 3D printed elements. Taking advantage of magnetic properties of -Fe2O3 will greatly facilitate the recovery of iron in the roasted slag. J Chem-NY. In this experiment, the optimum airflow was confirmed 5Lmin1. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of copper ore tailings, roasted slag (1,200C for 30min, airflow 5Lmin1), and magnetic concentrate at above optimum conditions were studied in VSM, and the results are shown in Figure 12. Recovery and preconcentration of phenols from aqueous solutions with a magnetic sorbent based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles and hyper-cross-linked polystyrene. Additionally, low shrinkage is essential as the free-form components are built without formwork. With the increasing temperature, Fe3O4 was oxidized to -Fe2O3. The properties of early-age geopolymers significantly depend on the calcium content; for example, Ca-containing systems exhibit a much faster setting (Reig etal., 2018) and higher compressive strength (Temuujin etal., 2009) compared with non-Ca-containing ones. As to be expected, the air void content and VMA of the two mixes were very close, because of their similar aggregate gradings.

The durability of concrete in terms of chloride resistance, sulphate resistance and alkalinity was reported not to be affected by the use of copper tailings. Separation and recovery of iron from a low-grade carbonate-bearing iron ore using magnetizing roasting followed by magnetic separation. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This may be caused by the formation of additional hydration gels, i.e., calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium silicate aluminate hydrate, which have been reported for the Na2OCaOSiO2Al2O3H2O system; the precipitation of these phases can improve the aluminosilicate dissolution in alkaline solutions and, subsequently, the geopolymerization reaction (Temuujin etal., 2009). The roasted samples were milled and sifted in turn. Separation and recovery of iron and titanium from oxidized vanadium titano-magnetite by gas-based reduction roasting and magnetic separation. (2014, 2015). Peek E, Barnes A, Tuzun A. Nickeliferous pyrrhotite waste or resource? Commonly used materials in the industry are gypsum, lime, cement clinker, etc. However, with increased recycled glass content, static yield stress reduced, which could negatively affect the buildability of 3D printable concrete. Also, compressive strength and interlayer bond strength of printed specimens decreased with increased recycled glass content (, Waste tyre [Rubber powder (RP) 0.4251mm & Rubber granules (RG) 13mm], Mortar incorporated with rubber particles showed higher micropores as shown in, Calcite, siderite, quartz, kaolinite, illite, Fluorapatite, quartz, calcite, dolomite, smectite, Quartz, calcite, calcium aluminum garnet, iron aluminum garnet, calcium iron garnet. Nleya Y, Simate GS, Ndlovu S. Sustainability assessment of the recovery and utilisation of acid from acid mine drainage. Based on the field experience of using copper tailings in HMA applications, the Texas Transportation Agency (Transportation Research Board, 2013a) has suggested that adjustment of construction practice and proper training to field crews would be advisable when dealing with copper tailings. To effectively prevent the environmental risk of the copper ore tailings and recycle the sulfur resource in the copper ore tailings, the sulfur released as SO2 can be collected to produce sulfuric acid by oxidation roasting as mentioned in the previous study [4]. 17LZXT11) both from Southwest University of Science and Technology.

2017;160:1631. 10.1007/s12666-018-1502-x.Search in Google Scholar, [21] Lei C, Yan B, Chen T, Xiao XM. Meanwhile, the energy spectrum of A/B area (Figure 9a and b) was also presented together. Table 2. From Figure 3, neither the grade nor the yield was in linear relationship with roasting time. Recovery of iron and copper from copper tailings by coal-based direct reduction and magnetic separation. As we all know, both iron concentrate (Fe3O4) and sponge iron (Fe) have some magnetic properties; therefore, magnetic separation is an effective way to recover iron where Fe3O4 and Fe are used for iron smelting and steel making [8,9,10,11], respectively.

(2011), and the results suggest that the leaching of Cu, Co and Zn is the highest for the sample with a high content of particles with size less than 1mm or tested at low pH of 4 and 5. Sunsoftware and data curation validation. New pyrometallurgical route for separation and recovery of Fe, Zn, In, Ga and S from jarosite residues. The interlayer bond strength, which is a unique attribute of 3DCP, can be improved by using large recycled aggregates as mentioned in a recent study by Bai et al. Moreover, the maximum Ms of the magnetic concentrate was 12.94emu/g. The diagram of the process steps in separation and recovery of -Fe2O3 from copper ore tailings. Chemical composition of the copper ore tailings (wt%). 2015;3(2):8629.

Table 8.1 shows the mixture proportions of the raw materials used for material preparation. The modified conditions with iron-bearing minerals. J Environ Chem Eng. Separation and recovery of iron and titanium from oxidized vanadium titano-magnetite by gas-based reduction roasting and magnetic separation. Water sensitivity: The water sensitivity of both the mixes expressed as the tensile strength ratio (TSR) of the conditioned specimen to unconditioned specimen showed that the TSR of the copper tailings mix at about 92% was slightly lower than that of the corresponding reference mix at about 95%. 2016;186(SI2):17582. It has relatively high specific gravity and primarily consists of silica in its composition. Copper tailings are considered to be finer than CS, which usually has a dominant sand fraction. The sample was located in a programmable energy-saving tubular furnace (LTKC-6-16A) to magnetizing roast.

2019;72(2):50110. The mineralogical phase compositions of the copper ore tailings were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, The Netherlands), and the results are shown in Figure 1. The process of separation and recovery of -Fe2O3 is summarized in Figure 13. Int J Min Met Mater. y is the roasted slag mass. 2019;79:106020. The main reagent SDS was chemically pure, which was bought from Nanjing Chemical Reagent Co Ltd, China. (2019) reported that the geopolymer prepared adding 20wt% metakaolin exhibited a compressive strength up 45MPa, while the one obtained using pure garnet tailings had a strength of only 15MPa. The shortcomings produced by the loose and porous microstructure of recycled sand, on the other hand, can be overcome by adding the right amount of fibres. 10.1016/j.minpro.2017.01.007.Search in Google Scholar, [31] Jiang PG, Liu JS, Xiao YY. The content of -Fe2O3 was determined by chemical titration. Subsequently, the samples were separated in different magnetic intensities selected as 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, and 250mT, respectively. Although copper slag had trace amounts of heavy metals like As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn in its composition, they were found to be stabilized due to their encapsulation by the bitumen present in asphalt mix [72]. Because of the aggregation between magnetic and non-magnetic particles, the yield was always higher than the grade from the above experimental results. Min Eng. Recovery of metals from the roasted lead-zinc tailings by magnetizing roasting followed by magnetic separation. Shenghua Yin, Yong Wang, in Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020. 2018;6(12):313951. Subsequently, the best parameters of magnetizing roast were confirmed. It was observed that replacement of conventional limestone filler with copper slag can produce asphalt mixes with superior fatigue and cracking resistance [72]. Kiventer etal. The dynamic yield stress and plastic viscosity of concrete with 100% recycled glass decreased, which helped in increased flowability of 3D printable concrete. Magnetite recovery from copper tailings increases arsenic distribution in solution phase and uptake in native grass. The pyrrhotite rich in copper ore tailings was oxidized to -Fe2O3 which was highly magnetic in magnetizing roasting. J Iron Steel Res Int. (2018) when utilizing metakaolin as the auxiliary material; with increasing the metakaolin content from 0 to 50wt%, the compressive strength increased from 2 to 15.5MPa due to the formation of more hydration gels (Wang etal., 2019). Similar to CS and sand, copper tailings are non-plastic in nature. "Recovery of -Fe, Luo, B., Peng, T. & Sun, H. (2021). J Environ Chem Eng. [23]. The yield of -Fe2O3 was calculated as follows: where i is the yield of -Fe2O3; Q A small number of polypropylene fibers were employed to reduce the cracking produced by water evaporation. Besides providing more active ingredients, the incorporation of supplementary materials can also modify the Si/Al ratio of the precursor. Furthermore, the characteristics of magnetic concentrate were discussed as well. Therefore, the roasting temperature should be raised appropriately to release residual sulfur before the recovery of magnetic concentrate. These results were attributed to the conversion of weak Fe(1x)S to maghemite in magnetizing roasting and the segregation of magnetic particles and non-magnetic particles by wet magnetic separation [31]. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Table 8.1. Incorporating glass wool residue (GWR) as a co-precursor reduced the mechanical strength at every substitution ratio. From Figure 1, the main metal phase in samples was pyrrhotite and lepidocrocite. Copper ore tailings were dried at 105 2C for 8h, milled to 100 meshes, and stored, sequentially. 2011;24(7SI):62537. 14tdgk02) and the project of Key research platform focused on teachers research innovation team (No. Influence of process parameters of dry high intensity magnetic separators on separation of hematite.

From Figure 11, some magnetic concentrate were spherical and granular.

2013;31(2):2648. Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Library and Information Science, Book Studies, Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of anthocyanins in Tibetan hulless barley from different geographical locations by UPLC-QTOF-MS and their antioxidant capacities, Effect of sodium chloride on the expression of genes involved in the salt tolerance of, Hsien Wu and his major contributions to the chemical era of immunology, GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (, Influence of nanoscale-modified apatite-type calcium phosphates on the biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms, Removal of paracetamol from aqueous solution by containment composites, Overview of the major classes of new psychoactive substances, psychoactive effects, analytical determination and conformational analysis of selected illegal drugs, Investigating a human pesticide intoxication incident: The importance of robust analytical approaches, Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by chloroform fraction of, With weak oxidation modification roasting in COCO, Under high temperature (usually >1,000C), it was reduced to Fe, In coal-based direct reduction with non-coking coal, the final product was Fe, which was used for steelmaking and as a charge of blast furnaces. 2017;52(10):176874. The impacts of Ca-bearing supplementary materials on the mine tailings based geopolymer. Int J Min Met Mater. (2014), Shanmuganathan etal. 2018;6(12):313951. It is usually pulverized to the size of fine sand. (2015) used an aluminum sludge (AS) with high Al2O3 content to modify the Si/Al ratio of copper tailings. (2004), Saraswathy etal. Owing to the characteristics of pyrrhotite with more sulfur and less iron, the purpose of magnetization roasting was to release sulfur first [4] and then to oxidize magnetite to maghemite. Jiang PG, Liu JS, Xiao YY. Recovery of iron from bauxite residue using advanced separation techniques. (2011) carried out an algal growth inhibition test under laboratory conditions to assess the leaching of CS from a copper smelter plant in India. As copper tailings appear in ground form, the grading of copper tailings reported by Gupta and Thomas (2013) and Nitish etal. Your purchase has been completed. 10.1016/j.jpcs.2012.02.017.Search in Google Scholar, [27] Lan YP, Liu QC, Meng F. Optimization of magnetic separation process for iron recovery from steel slag. Manjarrez etal. Fly ash is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates (fine particles of burned fuel) that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the flue gases. Innovative methodology for comprehensive utilization of iron ore tailings. J Clean Prod. Moreover, quartz fine-disseminated with maghemite was separated together. In contrast, when using only 5% BFS, activated by a 5M NaOH solution, the compressive strength was more than doubled. Appl Surf Sci. 10.1155/2020/8090846.Search in Google Scholar, [5] Saravanan P, Alam S, Mathur GN.

Recovery of iron from pyrite cinder with reduction-magnetic separation process in presence of sodium salt. Effect of roasting temperature on -Fe2O3 recovery.

J Phys Chem Solids. Moreover, minerals with potential cementitious properties, such as blast furnace slag, fly ash, metakaolin, and copper tailings, have been used as a supplement to cement through physical, chemical, and heat treatments (Kinnunen etal., 2018; Vargas and Lopez, 2018). From Figure 9b, the roasted slag was light sintered. Recycled sand on green strength has more influence on matured specimens compared to immature specimens due to its solid-state behavior between 90min and 150min. etal., 2017, Use of industrial waste materials for 3D printing of sustainable concrete: A review, Disposal of mine tailings via geopolymerization, selected cement kiln dust (CKD) as the supplementary material to modify the properties of, do Carmo e Silva Defveri etal. Quantified the extrudability and buildability coefficient with respect to experimental values of slump, spread diameter, penetration resistance and open time of the mixtures. As for tailings or waste rich in sulfur and iron, the recycle process was demonstrated to be feasible, where sulfur release from copper ore tailings with optimal roasting conditions first and iron recovery from roasted slag subsequently. According to the report, magnetic concentrate could be sold directly when the content of total Fe and S exceed 65% and was less than 0.1% [21], respectively. 2017;3(2):2808. Wang etal. Chem Eng J. J Iron Steel Res Int.