The brain can determine the static position of the head due to sensors in the When strong enough to reach threshold they can directly trigger an action potential along the axon of the sensory neuron. 4. (credit: modification of work by Don Bliss, National Cancer Institute). 3. vestibular membrane - Saccule. Within the realm of physiology, senses can be classified as either general or special. - Eustachian tube Sensory information from the body that is conveyed through spinal nerves will project to the opposite side of the brain to be processed by the cerebral cortex. e. stapes. Which type of receptors do not exhibit adaptation? Which of the following are true of the olfactory hairs? Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise? They induce pain. These receptors include Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's disks, and Ruffini corpuscles. Mechanoreceptors in the skin are described as encapsulated or unencapsulated. b. Acetylcholine The sweetener known as stevia can replace glucose in food. - There are more than 100 million rod cells per eye. - Fungiform. Blood-sucking insects use thermoreception to detect their host, thermoreceptors present in the pit organ of the viper helps them locate their prey. detect vibration, deep touch. 2) Vascular tunic 2. perilymph of scala vestibule This allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, creating a receptor potential. The __________, the black hole in the eye, is surrounded by the colorful _________. -Iris Accommodation is the process of making the lens: What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? Destruction or atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium, Cornea or lens not uniformly curved and image is not sharply focused, Excessive pressure buildup in the aqueous humor. c. primary auditory cortex. detect deep touch. 1. Like Merkels disks, Meissners corpuscles are not as plentiful in the palms as they are in the fingertips. Many of the somatosensory receptors are located in the skin, but receptors are also found in muscles, tendons, joint capsules and ligaments. In this chapter we will discuss the general senses which include pain, temperature, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception. Cornea, aqueous humor, sclera, iris, lens, choroid, ciliary body, vitreous humor. Unconscious proprioceptive signals run from the spinal cord to the cerebellum, the brain region that coordinates muscle contraction, rather than to the thalamus, like most other sensory information. Gustatory cells have a __________ lifespan. b. a. gets louder. An Introduction to the Human Body, Chapter 2. How is receptor density estimated in a human subject? The sensory receptors in the skin are: Mechanoreceptors Ruffini's end organ (skin stretch) End-bulbs of Krause (Cold) Meissner's corpuscle (changes in texture, slow vibrations) Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure, fast vibrations) Merkel's disc (sustained touch and pressure) Free nerve endings thermoreceptor nociceptors chemoreceptors Put the events of sound wave movement through the ear and nervous pathways in order. b - Primary auditory cortex e. Cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) Solve a concrete slab is reinforced by 16mm16 -\mathrm{mm}16mm-diameter steel rods placed on 180mm180-\mathrm{mm}180mm centers as shown. b. large Other overlooked senses include temperature perception by thermoreceptors and pain perception by nociceptors. Somatosensation is the group of sensory modalities that are associated with touch and limb position. Ask anyone what the senses are, and they are likely to list the five major sensestaste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight. There are three classes of mechanoreceptors: tactile, proprioceptors, and baroreceptors. c. vestibule d. oval window. Merkels disks are abundant on the fingertips and lips. Which of the following statements about mechanoreceptors is false? Which of the following is a location where Krause bulbs are located? 5. Glutamate inhibits the bipolar cells that synapse with the rods. They are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. : *Semicircular canals *Vestibular *Cochlea *Saccule *Basilar membrane e. Sclera Sensations can also be protective to the body, by registering environmental cold or warm, and painful needle prick, for example. Meissner's corpuscles detect changes in texture (vibrations around 50 Hz) and adapt rapidly. Hair follicle receptors: detect light . Another way that receptors can be classified is based on their location relative to the stimuli. In 2009, an eruption threw solid volcanic rocks that landed 1km1 \mathrm{~km}1km horizontally from the crater. Transparent: These two modalities use thermoreceptors and nociceptors to transduce temperature and pain stimuli, respectively. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. In the eye, the __________ humor is gelatinous. d. supporting cells. Is it possible to whirl a bucket of water fast enough in a vertical circle so that the water won't fall out? In proprioception, proprioceptive and kinesthetic signals travel through myelinated afferent neurons running from the spinal cord to the medulla. rationale: Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch. a. basilar membrane. b. Related to these are Golgi tendon organs, which are tension receptors that detect the force of muscle contraction. There are six different types of receptors in our skin that allow us to feel and perceive touch. b. Membranous labyrinth Unencapsulated OR Encapsulated Tactile Receptor: After the thalamus, auditory nerve signals reach the. d. Fibers of the cochlear nerve a. cochlea. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body, 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles, 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects, 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System, 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, 7.6 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton, 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension, 10.8 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, 11.1 Describe the roles of agonists, antagonists and synergists, 11.2 Explain the organization of muscle fascicles and their role in generating force, 11.3 Explain the criteria used to name skeletal muscles, 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back, 11.5 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax, 11.6 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, 11.7 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, 12.1 Structure and Function of the Nervous System, 13.4 Relationship of the PNS to the Spinal Cord of the CNS, 13.6 Testing the Spinal Nerves (Sensory and Motor Exams), 14.2 Blood Flow the meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Circulation, 16.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 16.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System, 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus, 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity, 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels, 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens, 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology, 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions, 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation, 23.5 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, 25.1 Internal and External Anatomy of the Kidney, 25.2 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney: Anatomy of the Nephron, 25.3 Physiology of Urine Formation: Overview, 25.4 Physiology of Urine Formation: Glomerular Filtration, 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion, 25.6 Physiology of Urine Formation: Medullary Concentration Gradient, 25.7 Physiology of Urine Formation: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, 27.3 Physiology of the Female Sexual System, 27.4 Physiology of the Male Sexual System, 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. 6 - Scala vestibuli The cartilaginous portion of the external ear is called the: What type of mascular degeneration is most severe? Malleus b. inferior colliculus. Each of the senses is referred to as a sensory modality. d. basilar membrane and vestibular membrane. The modulus of elasticity is 20GPa20 \mathrm{~GPa}20GPa for the concrete and 200GPa200 \mathrm{~GPa}200GPa for the steel. f - Superior olivary nucleus The cells that are photoreceptors (detect color) are ________. - Supporting cells What chamber is between the iris and cornea? d.cochlear nucleus. - Touching a hot pan. detect pressure, vibration. Nearsightedness disorder in which the cornea and lens are too powerful or the eyeball is too long. d. Optic tract c. Central artery and vein The cells that interpret information about the environment can be either (1) a neuron that has a free nerve ending(dendrites) embedded in tissue that would receive a sensation; (2) a neuron that has anencapsulated ending in which the dendrites are encapsulated in connective tissue that enhances their sensitivity; or (3) a specialized receptor cell, which has distinct structural components that interpret a specific type of stimulus (Figure 13.1.1). -Highly concentrated in and around the macula Researchers are looking for ways to cure paralysis. d. Fovea centralis Modality refers to the way that information is encoded into a perception. Qualitative Evaluation of Intracranial Pressure Slopes in Patients Undergoing Brain Death Protocol. Meissner corpuscles are dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue and respond to changes in texture and slow vibrations. ____ Current evidence suggests that endothermy evolved at least four times. The vitreous body is also called the vitreous __________. c. hair cells of spiral organ. a. the pupil size is too narrow. d. Lacrimal punctum Such stretch receptors can also prevent over-contraction of a muscle. Trans-retinal is reconverted to cis-retinal Place the ossicles of the ear in order from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. Which of the following muscles are located within the middle ear? The structural classifications are either based on the anatomy of the cell that is interacting with the stimulus (free nerve endings, encapsulated endings, or specialized receptor cell), or where the cell is located relative to the stimulus (interoceptor, exteroceptor, proprioceptor). During hearing, the structure(s) first to vibrate is/are the b. somatic sensory receptor. Accordingly, cell type-specific deletion of PAR2 in myeloid immune cells resulted in a curtailed skin inflammation and hapten-specific T cell response in CHS mice. The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a specialized receptor cell, a photoreceptor. - They are immobile. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true. - Utricle These sensory receptors are known as the cutaneous receptors and they are found in the epidermis and dermis of the skin. lamellated corpuscles Structures apart of inner, middle, or outer ear? What structure makes up the posterior portion of the fibrous tunic? It dissociates rhodopsin and changes 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal. Small, finely calibrated mechanoreceptorsMerkels disks and Meissners corpusclesare located in the upper layers and can precisely localize even gentle touch. a. Ossicles These injuries may result from sports or recreational activities, motor vehicle crashes, falls, physical assaults, and gunshot wounds. what type of phasic receptors detect light touch, shapes, and textures? Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis or superficial fascia): Not part of the integumentary system. Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a thermoreceptor that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature. Action potentials are transmitted out of the optic nerve. Drag each label to the appropriate box to indicate whether each statement is associated with rods or cones. The cranial nerves can be strictly sensory fibers, such as the olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves, or mixed sensory and motor nerves, such as the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. 1 - Auricle Neurons in the olfactory bulb travel through the olfactory _________ to the brain. e. Lateral geniculate nucleus What is the most numerous type of receptor? - Vallate - DARK 3) Lacrimal sac a. medial geniculate nucleus. Previous Article in Journal. A variety of receptor typesembedded in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, joints, internal organs, and cardiovascular systemplay a role. : *Stapes *Tensor tympani muscle middle Structures apart of inner, middle, or outer ear? For humans, the only electromagnetic energy that is perceived by our eyes is visible light. Treated with convex lens. The Lymphatic and Immune System, Chapter 26. Receptors are spread throughout the body, with large numbers found in the skin. { "36.01:_Sensory_Processes_-_Reception" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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