which code represents electroencephalogram, cerebral death evaluation only?

Obstructive rhinitis is represented by which code? All Rights Reserved. 0000002223 00000 n In: Proc. On August 31, 2004, the patient was able to respond to simple questions, and was released from the hospital later. Which code represents syndactylization, toes (Kelikian type procedure)? The NNSE can be viewed as a stochastic complexity measure. Dynamical analysis and modeling. Hence, our proposed method might be potentially used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in clinical practice. Eur Neurol 30(3):138141 [, Calhoun VD, Adali T, Pearlson GD, van Zijl PCM, Pekar JJ (2002) Independent component analysis of fMRI data in the complex domain. The P-value (of MannWhitney test) for rejecting the null hypothesis that the medians of the data points from two days are equal is also shown in the title of each subplot. The same subject was recorded in several sessions in different days with status change (e.g., from coma to brain death, or from coma to awake recovery). 9 only presents the averaged statistics of 6 channels, similar trends are also observed in each individual channel. The arrows indicate the typical alpha waves of the extracted components. Results of statistical tests on the maximum value of relative power ratio (RPR) for two groups: coma versus brain death, The nonlinear brain dynamics can be somehow characterized by its outputs, where the EEG measurements might be treated as the random time series observed from the complex system (i.e., the functioning brain). Which code represents implantation of patient-activated event recorder including programming? 0000029180 00000 n 263 29 0000009149 00000 n 0000001776 00000 n 10th Int. For most subjects, there are 6 recorded channels available for analysis. 0000004984 00000 n The subject was recorded only in one session. In this study, we present a practical procedure for EEG analysis for the clinical pre-testing of brain death. 4Indeed, the presence of the slow activity (<4Hz) was always found in all measurements, which created a difficulty for discrimination. On the examining day, his pupils were dilated, and the respiratory machine was used. 0000006874 00000 n Note that here the amplitudes of the signals and power spectra have arbitrary units. 10). 2006; Goldberger etal. The proposed EEG examination procedure (Fig. Although our results are still empirical (given the limited measurements available thus far) and the solid confirmation of our claims requires further investigation and more data analysis, our work reported here can be viewed as the first step towards the final goal. Right panel: the autocorrelation function and log-log power spectrum calculated from the 20s EEG signal. Which code represents modified radical mastoidectomy? IEEE Press, New York, Buchner H, Schuchardt V (1990) Reliability of electroencephalogram in the diagnosis of brain death. These two cases represent two different changes of consciousness state of the brain: one from deep coma to awake recovery, the other from deep coma to brain death. 0000006114 00000 n The second subject (that corresponds to patient C8 and D1 in Table 1) is a 17-year-old female patient (ZJ) with a virus encephalitis. ICASSP06. For these two subjects, we have relatively more recording sessions, which also provide us with more opportunity for an in-depth analysis. Magn Reson Med 48:180192 [, Cao J (2006) Analysis of the quasi-brain-death EEG data based on a robust ICA approach. As observed in our empirical qEEG analysis, our proposed complexity measures are somewhat robust to noise, and they are all invariant to the amplitude scaling of the signal. Or Subscribe and get instant access, Which code represents transection of esophagus with repair for esophageal varices? For each session, we calculated the quantitative statistics for 6 channels in a total of 60 temporal windows. 5All of quantitative analysis softwares were written in MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA) and are available from the authors upon request. Which code represents transcatheter placement of two intracoronary stents, percutaneous, with or without other therapeutic intervention, any method, single vessel? Besides, we are examining methods to distinguish the low-frequency components of EEG signals from its surrogate signals (with the same Fourier magnitude but randomly shuffled phase). 0000019216 00000 n 0000011818 00000 n Neurocomputing 49:255277, Cao J, Murata N, Amari S, Cichocki A, Takeda T (2003) A robust approach to independent component analysis of signals with high-level noise measurements. For a closer examination, we also resort to the time-frequency analysis tool, such as the Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) (Cohen 1995), to visualize the ongoing temporal signals in a time-frequency plane. eaa |I~c#`]#?"'|TH\o6iM+7qPeDhgO80oUGIi>eCCGZu1k[`Vn8HNc(8)_d}B`bTrY B) 10080 0000002800 00000 n 0000001585 00000 n Again, we applied a moving overlapping moving window (with 10s duration and half window overlap) to the recorded signals, followed by bandpass filtering (within [0.5, 100]Hz). Which code represents ablation, one or more renal tumor(s), percutaneous, bilateral, radiofrequency? Since EEG measures the smeared ensemble activity of synchronous firings from millions of neurons in the brain, it indicates the specific activity in which the brain is engaged and also provides some hints about the consciousness or comatose status. Neural Comput 10:12991319, Taylor RM (1997) Reexamining the definition and criteria of death. Box plot statistics of four quantitative measures for 6 channels in 3 recording sessions (subject SJ). 0000012921 00000 n A) 90935 On March 16, 2005, the patient was in a deep coma state with dilated pupils, but was found to have a very weak visual response. 8. For the filtered EEG data, significant differences between two groups are still found in the all or majority of channels in all complexity measures. By placing a radioactivity counter over the head, one can measure the amount of blood flow into the brain. For each subject, we computed the RPR values from all 6 channels and only reported the maximum value (the reason for that is to emphasize the contribution from brain wave componentsthe presence of any brain wave rhythm would make the ratio high). These data were further used for later quantitative analysis and comparison with the quasi-brain-death patients. Compared to the one-dimensional power spectrum, the two-dimensional time-frequency map may clearly reveal the time-varying spectral information of the specific signal of interest. 0000003397 00000 n Outliers (labeled with marker +) are data samples with values beyond the range of the whiskers. 2005, Papadelis etal. NN)86Hhi8. %PDF-1.7 % %%EOF Which code represents cholecystectomy with exploration of common duct? In our experimental procedure, we first conducted a human visual inspection on the raw EEG traces, and then conduct a moving-window based BSS procedure, followed by Fourier analysis and time-frequency analysis. 10+ million students use Quizplus to study and prepare for their homework, quizzes and exams through 20m+ questions in 300k quizzes. %PDF-1.4 % In each subplot, two lines (one for March 16 and the other for March 22) represent the median values from 180 data points (from 3 sessions of each day). Comput Intell Neurosci, vol 2007, Article ID 10479, Cichocki A, Amari S (2002) Adaptive blind signal and image processing. Which code represents computed tomography, head or brain, without contrast material, followed by contrast material(s) and further sections? QU rm kG endstream endobj 32 0 obj <>>> endobj 33 0 obj >/PageUIDList<0 206>>/PageWidthList<0 612.0>>>>>>/Resources<>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>>>/Rotate 0/Tabs/W/Thumb 22 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 34 0 obj <> endobj 35 0 obj <>stream One key factor in qEEG analysis is the robustness of these statistical measures. It is noted that most of our algorithmic components (such as Fourier transform or standard matrix decomposition) can be implemented efficiently in real time, using Labview or MATLAB run on a laptop). Which code represents hemodialysis procedure with single physician evaluation? (, The complexity of a time series, measured by ApEn and. After one month hospitalization, on June 11, 2004, the patient lost his consciousness and remained in a deep coma state. Which code represents intrathoracic tracheoplasty? In: Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields, Chap. /Ku9gRx)QWg_#;#+]7\#+]4#+O~~O~~O~~O~~O~~O~~O~~O~~O~~O~^E~i_ D) 76946, Which code represents deoxyribonucleic acid antibody, native or double stranded? The recorded EEG signals can be viewed as the multivariate time series observed from a dynamical system (i.e., the human brain). 0000007945 00000 n See Fig. As shown in the figure, we can clearly observe a mode shift between these two days. Comparison of the ROC curves of two classifiers, Summary of classification results on the misclassification (MIS) and AUROC indices. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 14:631645 [, Chen Z, Cao J (2007) An empirical quantitative EEG analysis for evaluating clinical brain death. Here the relative power (ratio) is preferred to the absolute power of single spectral band because the latter directly depends on the signal amplitude, thereby also dependent on the scaling of the signal after signal processing (such as filtering or ICA). The ANOVA is a parametric test (by assuming that the two group samples distributions are both Gaussian) that compares the means for two groups and returns the P-value for the null hypothesis that the two groups have equal means; whereas the MannWhitney test is nonparametric (by assuming that the two group samples distributions have similar shape) and tests the hypothesis if two groups have equal medians. 0000033917 00000 n 0000006819 00000 n To characterize the stochastic nature of the system, many stochastic complexity measures have been proposed or developed in the literature for analyzing neurophysiological signals (e.g., Gonzalez Andino etal. Toulouse, France, pp 10801083, Makeig S, Westerfield M, Jung TP, Enghoff S, Townsend J, Courchesne E, Sejnowski TJ (2002) Dynamic brain sources of visual evoked responses. Furthermore, in order to reduce the effect of non-EEG artifacts, we also filtered the windowed signal within [0.5, 100]Hz before using them in qEEG analysis. A) 86215 D) 11772, Which code represents intrathoracic tracheoplasty? B) 95824 This is mainly because first, the theta waves are strong during internal focus, meditation, and spiritual awareness, they relate to subconscious status that reflect the state between wakefulness and sleep; while the alpha waves are responsible of mental coordination, self-control of relaxation, and it is believed to bridge the conscious to the subconscious state (Niedermeyer 1991). In our experiments, since the available data set is rather small, thus far we only tested the classifiers performance accuracy using a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure (i.e., using samples for training and the remaining 1 sample for testing, and repeating the procedure for the whole data set). Knowledge-Based & Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems, Bournemouth, UK, 2006 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4253, pp 12401247), Cao J, Murata N, Amari S, Cichocki A, Takeda T (2002) Independent component analysis for unaveraged single-trial MEG data decomposition and single-dipole source localization. Then we further analyzed each quantitative measure in 3 sessions for all 6 channels. Which code represents dermal xenograft for temporary closure on small child's neck, 2 percent of body area? In order to analyze the characteristics of the dynamical system, we may use various statistical measures (such as the entropy, fractal dimension, etc.) As seen from the table, statistical tests show significant differences in all complexity measures and all channels for the raw EEG data. Amebic cystitis is represented by which code: Hereditary spherocytosis is represented by which code? trailer <<981D6B7AB80A4BFC81EB11C1ADDEB476>]/Prev 85993>> startxref 0 %%EOF 62 0 obj <>stream trailer To give a demonstration, Fig. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Upon computing the four complexity measures for EEG signals per channel, we obtained 64=24 features in total for each subject. We applied the one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) as well as the MannWhitney test (also known as Wilcoxon rank sum test) to evaluate the RPR statistics between two groups. IEEE 29th annual conf. The results have been summarized in Table1. 2020-2022 Quizplus LLC. B) 63700-63 to quantify the complexity or regularity of the time series. Therefore, these measures are arguably reliable for real-life applications. Which code represents abdominal approach, ligation of thoracic duct? In: Proc. Semin Neurol 17:265270 [, Wennervirta J, Salmi T, Hynynen M, Yli-Hankala A, Koivusalo A-M, Van Gils M, Pyhi R, Vakkuri A (2007) Entropy is more resistant to artifacts than bispectral index in brain-dead organ donors. ) denotes the score function, which can be derived from a t-distribution probability density model (see Cao etal. Which code represents a new patient exam in which the physician documents a detailed history, detailed examination, and medical decision making of low complexity? Internet J Anesthesiol 3(4), Little M, McSharry P, Moroz I, Roberts S (2006) Nonlinear, biophysically-informed speech pathology detection. The patient was completely unresponsive to external visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli, and was incapable of any communication. 0000009095 00000 n Diabetes insipidus is represented by which code? curves. By virtue of the so-called kernel trick, the linear PCA method can be extended to the kernel-based nonlinear dimensionality-reduction or feature-extraction methods. Phys Rev E 49:16851689 [, Pincus SM (1991) Approximate entropy (ApEn) as a complexity measure. The results are summarized in Table4. B) 31760 2003), and proved to rather robust to noise interference as compared to other ICA algorithms (e.g., Cichocki and Amari 2002) in the literature, such as the fastICA algorithm, or the JADE algorithm. 0000014283 00000 n The comparison of the mean and SEM (standard error of the mean) statistics for the 6 sessions (in two days) is given in Fig. C) 90939 B) 40525 A negative cerebral flow study is indisputable evidence of a dead brain. The MIS performance is based on the leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. Which code represents photochemotherapy tar and ultraviolet B (Goeckerman treatment) or petrolatum and ultraviolet B? For the raw EEG data, the results of box plot are shown in Fig. Conf. This work was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion Science (JSPS) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in the Japan-China Research Cooperative Program. 0000004532 00000 n Presumably, a functioning brain and a dead brain would exhibit different behavior in terms of their outputs and therefore have different degrees of complexity. Neurology 45:10031011 [, Wijdicks EFM (2002) Brain death worldwide: accepted fact but no global consensus in diagnostic criteria. C) 43410 <]>> 0000010297 00000 n Which code represents pelvimetry with placental localization? 4) between the coma group and the brain death group. 0000000016 00000 n The more complex (or less regular) for a random signal, the greater is its entropy. 2000; Gu etal. Med Biol Eng Comput 37(1):9399 [, Schneider S (1989) Usefulness of EEG in the evaluation of brain death in children: the cons. On the contrary, if the time-embedded signals are highly correlated, then a lower entropy value would be obtained from the non-flat singular spectrum. Box plot of four quantitative statistics (for 6 channels) between the coma and brain death groups, Summary of quantitative statistics applied to the raw and filtered EEG data for two groups: coma (C) versus brain death (D). D) 43425, Which code represents repair of the anomalous coronary artery from pulmonary artery origin (Takeuchi procedure)? We are attempting to explore several nonlinear methods and higher order statistics to overcome the limitation of standard Fourier analysis that is rooted in second-order statistics. C) 86225 26. 3The layout of the electrodes on the frontal regions of the brain is simply for the technical convenience without interfering with other medical treatment or moving the patients body. 0000007457 00000 n The bandpass filtering operation was aimed at reducing the effect of potential low-frequency artifacts (slow wave <1Hz, such as myoclonic jerks (Niedermeyer 1991)) and high-frequency non-EEG noise. II. 263 0 obj <> endobj 5. engineering in medicine and biology (EMBC07). 0000002501 00000 n A) 33500 HKo8. Lancet 316:10851086, Papadelis C, Chen Z, Kourtidou-Papadeli C, Bamidis PD, Bekiaris A, Maglaveras N (2007) Monitoring sleepiness with on-board electrophysiological recordings for preventing sleep-deprived traffic accidents. 0000031828 00000 n 0000005639 00000 n 0000004635 00000 n Another important aspect regarding the regularity or complexity of a random signal is the entropy, provided the time series is viewed as a random process. Which code represents suture of lumbar plexus? In time series analysis, this is a rather well-studied research field (Akay 2001). In order to compute the time evolution of the quantitative measures, we applied a moving overlapping window (with 10s duration and half window overlap) to each channels recording. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 53(2):210217 [, Kaspar F, Schuster HG (1987) Easily calculable measure for the complexity of spatiotemporal patterns. To further extract uncorrelated features, we used the linear PCA for dimensionality reduction. As seen, the two classes (coma vs. brain death) are quite clearly separated, expect for a few (about 5) subjects. Our signal processing method can be used to reduce the power of additive noise and to decompose or separate the brain and interference signals.