The early success of the missionaries included areas like Freetown and surrounding villages. All work is written to order. The Society of the Divine Word is the world's largest Roman Catholic order of priests and brothers who focus on missionary work. The Wesleyan and Basel missionaries established schools in Cape Coast, Accra . Africa Christian Press, 1996. This is the famous Presbyterian Teacher Training College founded in 1848 at Akropong-Akwapim. He knew me as a boy [in Ghana] who washed his car and went with him when he said Mass at mission stations, yet [as an adult] he treated me as an equal, Father Tetteh said. The original Yaba College in Lagos has grown into a polytechnic. 'In view of this idea, Mmofraturo, the first girls boarding school in Ashanti was officially . From 1870 to 1914 the Basel Mission succeeded in extending its work from the Akwapim Ridge to Kwahu, Akim and Asante and across the Volta as far as Yendi the north in 1913. We shall now turn our attention to the activities of the Christian missionaries in Ghana. Find below a list of mission schools that still exist in Ghana today. But with the abolition of slavery, the introduction of cocoa, and the Churchs efficient school system, she gradually became the Church of the social elite. The government gave grants according to the strength of the staff and the efficiency of the school judged by inspection reports and the results of public examinations. There were only bush paths, and no roads in the early times. Foremost in the contribution of the early Christian missionaries to the development of Ghana is their efforts to bring Western education to Ghanaians. The lead was followed by other missionaries, notably the Roman Catholic, whose first higher institution was St Edwards Secondary School in Freetown. 2 Longman Group Ltd. London 1974, Ampadu B.K Notes on History of Ghana for Senior High Schools. Johann Christaller produced a similar work in Twi. The statistical evidence suggests that education would have spread more evenly. In 1954, he became the first Deaf African American to earn a bachelor's degree from Gallaudet University, the American university for the Deaf, and the first to earn a master's degree from Eastern Michigan University.He earned a second master's degree from Seattle Pacific Christian . Thus, as early as 1823, the Roman Catholic sisters started a clinic for the sick and for children in Banjul. The coming of the Christian missionaries to Ghana had a positive impact on agriculture. English for life Although modern scientific research has confirmed the medicinal properties of these concoctions, traditional medical practice had several shortcomings. While colonial administration in colonies such as Kenya attempted to some degree to provide training for Kenyans to fill the high-level positions (Sheffield 1973:86), the attempts in many cases fell short, and when the European administration left, Kenya, for instance, had few sufficiently educated replacements (Sheffield 1973:88). Looking for a flexible role? Let's look in-depth into these scholarships. The education provided in schools in early days also tended to place great emphasis on the superiority of western culture. The consequences of norm conflicts are likely to manifest beyond educational pursuit. The Missionary Factor in Ghana's Development, pp.11 &135 categorically asserted that economic and social changes were brought about by the total effect of the various projects initiated by the. The missionary and colonial education aimed at character training and civilization resulted in cultural annihilation and religious, and linguistic hegemony. Four volumes of incoming correspondence marked "West Africa" on the spine. Kuhne , his fellow captive and co-author joined him at the mission as a trader in cotton, an activity which was part of, and a means of, financing the mission. He had a special devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. One is led to ask, why this sudden development? In fact, most of the norms opposed by missionaries concerned gender relationships. A large body of studies show that missionaries had a lasting impact beyond their early years. Shaw, Mark. In the 19thh century, too, Afro-Brazilians returned to Benin and Nigeria with Catholicism. However, by the turn of the Nineteenth Century there was systematic efforts by churches of Christian Europe, namely: Anglicans, Methodists, and Baptists who were active in Sierra Leone and, with Presbyterians, in Nigeria, while Methodists also set up missions in Ghana, Gambia, and Dahomey. Waterville Pub. Among several others, the native Bishop Ajayi Crowther produced the first translation of the Bible in Yoruba. further studies Secondary Schools in the Protectorate started later, following the establishment of Bo Government Secondary School in 1906. university courses Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century, informal education existed in Ghana with the goal of introducing young people into the society. The resulting atmosphere of disunity enabled the European colonialists to easily achieve their goal of economic exploitation. His request to the Danish Crown for missionaries was forwarded to . bible knowledge Another important German missionary was Wilhelm Johannson, better known by the English version of his name, William Johnson, who is revered in the history of the CMS in West Africa. famous poems They were closed down in 1852 in favour of schools opened in Lagos which, in 1851, had one time British control. Their converts increased steadily in numbers until 1821 when a section broke away to form the first independent African, Christian church in West Africa, called the West Africa Methodist Church. The Basel and Methodist Missions, for example, introduced scientific agriculture in Ghana. wassce literature questions. Required fields are marked *. Given the fluctuating standards between schools and regions and the lack of qualified teachers in the mission schools which had monopolies in well into the mid-twentieth century, it should come as little surprise that the quality of education continues to be a concern in many former colonies. The missionary activities in Nigeria, especially their educational programs helped to whip-up the consciousness of a shared identity and helped to train a new set of elite that championed the course of nationalism and constituted a virile leadership for the young nation at independence.Click to see full answer What is missionary education?A mission school or [] 2006 - 2023 Microform Academic Publishers | Microform Academic Publishers is a division of Microform Imaging Limited (Company registered in England no. Origins, organization and effects in the development of West Africa, 3: Islam in West Africa. His funeral Mass was Sept. 27, followed by burial at St. Mary Cemetery at Techny. Lake Volta provides a vital venue for aviation evangelism in remote areas. the role of administrators, chiefs and the missions; first attempts at agricultural and industrial training; girls' education and teacher training before 1850; some chief factors in educational expansion 1850-1900; government official policy in educational expansion 1850-1900; agricultural, industrial and vernacular training 1850-1900 First, I looked at how educational outcomes depended on the distance to historical missions. Kalu, Ogbu. We use cookies to improve your experience on our website. 1931. It is important to emphasize that the modern history of the Christian Mission in Africa started from the late Eighteenth Century, the Catholics had been there earlier in the first centuries of the Christian era especially during the first Portuguese adventures. Father Vincent Burke SVD, 83, recipient of Ghanas Officer of the Order of Volta Award, passed away at Techny, Ill., on Sept. 21. Often drumming and the harmless songs and dances of the people were condemned. They relied very much on their home churches for their funds. Mission societies often expanded into territories before colonial powers did, and providing education only cost them a little more. Some of these effects are still with us today. For example, they preached against human sacrifice. Christianity in West Africa: The Nigerian Story. 4; img 109. With the exception of the first two volumes, marked "West Africa", these items are drawn from the volumes Series CWW. 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Ayandele (1966:283), writing in the 1960s, says, By their [the missions] efforts the main languages of Nigeria have been preserved as a lasting legacy to the Ibo, Yoruba, Efik, Nupe and Hausa. However, this practice was in fact probably more due to stereotypes of African ignorance than an interest in being culturally respectful: missionaries may have believed that it would take too long to teach a superior European language to the unintelligent natives when the natives souls were in such desperate need of saving. These included the Baptist missionaries who under the American evangelist, Thomas Bowen, started work from Ogbomosho in 1855. Box 6000, Techny, IL 60082-6000. Thomas Thompson, arrived in Cape Coast in 1752. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! The contents of this tutorial will serve as a guide for a suitable essay on the below WAEC/WASSCE History past question. Moreover, mission education formed a poor foundation for future educational conditions in the former colonies. As long as the Africans could read the Bible, the missionaries were satisfied that they had had enough academic education. First, missions saw education foremost as a means of conversion (Ayandele 1966: 286; Bassey 1991: 36; Berman 1974:527; Foster 1965:85; Sheffield 1973:11). They constitute the benefits that the missionaries brought to Africa as a whole. In lieu of flowers, memorial donations in the name of Father Burke can be made for the care of elderly and infirm missionaries and sent to The Rector, Divine Word Residence, 1901 Waukegan Road, P.O. The copies of letters received, 1890-1927, mention the plan from 1914 to gain control of future Ashanti Chiefs using education. By the close of the nineteenth century the major Christian missionary churches had opened elementary schools in many part of southern Nigeria with an enrolment of about 74,000 by the First World War. Box 6000, Techny, IL 60082-6000. The missionaries opened schools further inland, and by 1880, the Wesleyan Mission had eighty -three schools. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. In 1880, two Roman Catholic priests of the Society of African Missions (S.M.A. 522 0 obj <>stream 2 (1983): 116-143. In 1989-90, the government banned the activities of several religious organizations, including the Church. Besides, the missionaries had to travel longer distances to inland towns from their southern stations. Soon after, in 1835 they moved up to Akropong on the hills in Akuapem, where the pioneer missionary the Rev. Then share it on your favourite social media platform for the benefit of others you care about. Longman Publishing Group, 1980. The vast majority of the people of The Gambia are Moslems; but a sizeable percentage of the population, especially in and around the capital Banjul, are Christians. However, the discovery of quinine and other curative medicines in the late 19th century made the history of the missionary work in West Africa a different thing altogether. However, as Jonathan Miran (2002) argues in his work on the roles of missionaries and the Italian state in Eritrean education, missionaries should not be held solely accountable for the poor standards of education. There were related organizations that sprang up in Scandinavia, Holland and the USA. The restrictions intensified until in the second week of 1917, when all German missionaries were rounded up, brought to Accra and deportations began on December 16. These missionaries saw death in the course of their evangelizing work as a means to ascend to heavenly glory. To apply, students simply fill out a quick form. The South African War is not covered in this grouping of letters. Etherington, Norman. self help Other difficulties they faced were the problems of the many languages and dialects and their ignorance of the true meaning of the various cultures, beliefs, values and ways of life of the people whom they set out to convert to Christianity. Teacher training colleges in Ghana did not expand as fast as the secondary schools. The result is that today, many Africans are alienated from their authentic ways of life. After completing that assignment, Father Burkes superiors asked him to teach English as a second language (ESL) to Divine Word missionaries who did not know the language. They worked to write the bible, dictionaries and textbooks in such Ghanaian Languages as Ewe, Fanti, Ga and Twi. Until almost the end of the colonial period education was still largely in the hands of the churches. These attempts were traumatic for the students and threatened the survival of unique cultures. The blessings which Christianity has brought to West Africa are many. But Annor (1989) writes that before Europeans came to colonize Africa, Africans had a way of producing artifacts. Father Tetteh also took note of Father Burkes humility and devotion to his students. The early African converts to Christianity, were made to abandon their ancestral culture and way of life as pagan therefore to be shunned. station in 1858, it was not until 1889 that the missionaries entered Hausaland, which was predominantly Muslim. A notable example was the Asafo Company, a purely military and social organisation of the peoples of Ghana, which was condemned by the early missionaries because of its presumed connection with fetish practices. The role of the Christian missionaries in Ghana and West Africa was not limited to the education and agricultural sectors alone. Several missionaries died at a youthful age due to the unfriendly tropical climate. Soon after, in 1835 they moved up to Akropon on the hills in Akuapem, where the pioneer missionary the Rev. Hope Waddell started pioneering work, in 1846, in Calabar. Today almost all of the population is Presbyterian, although the ancestral royal cult and many spirit cults still flourish. West Africa owes to the Christian missionaries not only a new religious faith which has changed the beliefs and life of millions of people, but also the foundation of western education. For that matter, they rebelled against their chiefs and elders. In fact, Jacobus Capitein, a former Ghanaian slave who became a priest in the Dutch Reformed Church in the 18th century was on record to have defended the practice of slavery. Government & Politics He introduced the Methodist Church in Asante in 1839, and won the support of the Asante king. The first missionaries to come to Ghana were the Roman Catholic missionaries in the 15th century and the Anglican missionaries. Help those suffering in Turkey and Syria. He worked zealously as an evangelist and schoolmaster in the Castle School until his death in 1816. Next, branches of the C.M.S. As a member of the Church of England, it interests me to see echoes of Christian educational efforts by organizations such as Compassion Canada in the educational efforts of the missionary branch of the Anglican Church, the Church Missionary Society, or CMS. This was around the same time that the first Portuguese sailors arrived on the coast of Ghana. This Western education imparted to the Ameru by the Church of Scotland Missionaries, Consolata . Sign in to view the collection. Thomas Birch Freeman, son of a London-based West Indian father and an English mother. Mobility depended on the . For example, they made our people view polygamy and puberty rites as pagan practices. They preferred to hold onto polygamy, even at the cost of illiteracy. The last two decades have witnessed the emergence of privately owned higher education institutions in Nigeria, including those owned by religious bodies and even by their individual members. This thesis discusses and assesses contribution of Christian Missionaries to education in Meru from 1908 to 1963. In traditionally monogamous societies, primary school completion increased by about eight percent, but only four percent in polygamous societies. Both the academic and vocational forms of education the missions provided served to strengthen the rule of the colonial powers, so that the native inhabitants were second-class citizens in their own land. The high temperatures coupled with high rainfall patterns in some parts of the country experienced during the daytime, made the missionaries stay indoors, which slowed down their activities. Required fields are marked *. The Essay Writing ExpertsUK Essay Experts. They need YOU. We shall begin with the positive contribution of the Christian missionaries in Ghana. Babalola, E. O. Christianity in West Africa. Wed love to get to know you and discuss how God is calling you. By 1885, the church had spread further inland, thanks to Father Joseph Lutz who started work around Onitsha in 1886 and spread the gospel in many parts of the present day Imo and Anambra States. The Methodists founded Mfantsipim (1876) for boys and Wesley Girls High School (1884). It started first among the Yoruba recaptives who had embraced the Christian faith while in Sierra Leone (freed from slave trading ships by the British Royal Naval Squadron), and who returned home between 1839 and 1845. A history of African Christianity 1950-1975. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Soon after the Methodist experiment, the church Missionary Society set up their own school at Badagry. Within ten years the C.M.S had opened twelve more schools in what is today Cross Rivers State. ABWE is also at work in countries that restrict evangelism. In line with this, formal education in Ghana was started by the western traders and the missionaries by the 15th century through the 18th century respectively. quiz The evangelical societies founded in the Americas included the Baptist Missionary Board and the Nova Scotian Methodists, whose members went to work among the Maroons, who had settled mainly in Liberia. NUUT Co. Ltd. Kumasi, Ghana, 2011, Baarkinado. Similar developments were carried out by the missionaries in other Nigerian languages, Efik, Kanuri, Igbo, etc. A history of Christianity in Ghana. It is one of the oldest continuously published periodicals by and about Black people. Another negative impact of mission education was that it weakened traditional societies, which in many ways further served the colonial cause. *You can also browse our support articles here >. 2023 Society of the Divine Word. As happened in other West African countries, many more mission-sponsored hospitals were founded in the course of the twentieth century. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. To their minds, Africans were too backward and needed help to become more civilized. For instance, in southern Nigeria, the CMS policy was to teach in the vernacular at the primary level, while the Roman Catholic Missions policy was to teach in English (Bassey 1991:42). senior high school government Schools were deemed important. To put it differently, the motive was to gain acceptance in the sight of God so that after death they would be judged kindly by the heavenly father. In Sierra Leone, the Church Missionary Society (CMS), offshoot of the Anglican Church, was the first to become firmly established chiefly among the freed captive and freed slave settlers from Britain, Nova Scotia and other parts of the New World. Soon after secondary schools were opened in other parts of southern Nigeria, including Bonny High School, which was taken over by government in 1904. Bamgboye & Company Press, 1976. As churches of the Volta Region begin reproducing, ABWE wants to reach out to Ghanas unreached people groups in its eight other regions. Website design and development by Americaneagle.com, Inc, Society of the Divine Word- Western Province, Society of the Divine Word- Southern Province. Daystar Press, 1978. History of the church in Africa: a survey. While living at the Divine Word Residence in Bordentown, N.J., he often visited parishes and schools to talk about missionary work. Up to Guggisbergs time, the church schools did not receive grants from the government. By using postcolonial theory as a framework for analysis, it is evident that the Western formal education introduced to the people of the Gold Coast by the Christian missionaries and the British Colonial government did not serve the indigenous population well. The Ghana Education Decentralization Project (GEDP), launched in 2010 and ended in 2012, has increased the influence of local authorities over management . Instruction in the Colonial School and the Wesleyan Mission schools at Cape Coast Castle was in English despite the fact that Fanti was the language of the native people. others adopted a system of education varied from one and the other hence, lacking consistency in the educational sector [3]. C.M.S. He is survived by two brothers, Walter and Kevin Burke. Meanwhile, the Scottish missionary, Mary Slessor, had established a reputation in the Cross River area as a nurse. Properly meant by Anglo-Saxon standards. In fact, the Christian missionaries encouraged Ghanaians to reject African names and choose Christian names instead. Vol. So why did the European missionaries come to Ghana and other parts of Africa? There were several reasons for this poor education, some intentional and some not. Hope Waddell of the Church of Scotland had opened a school at Duke Town, Calabar. During the first half of the 19th century they targeted healthier places, with relatively lower malaria-risk, where European missionaries could survive and train local African missionaries and teachers (Jedwab et al. Thomas Thompson, arrived in Cape Coast in 1752. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. He was very simple in dress and in the use of modern technology, Father Tetteh said. Brief History. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. New team members can be part of establishing a biblical foundation for the next generation of believers, the growth of nationally-led churches, and church planting in Ghana. Moreover, they introduced new crops into the Ghanaian economy. There were no Bibles in local languages, likewise grammar books were scant, so the missionaries had to spend time learning local languages, and translated the Bible and wrote series of grammar books. Similar developments were carried out by the missionaries in other Nigerian languages, Efik, Kanuri, Igbo, etc. Moreover, the Islamic religion was also being introduced to the southern section of the country by Muslim immigrants from the north of the colony. They were to spread the message of the Gospel, render social services to the people and to assist in the suppression of slavery and the slave trade. It would be wrong, however, to blame all these ills on the Christian missionaries alone. Later that year, in recognition of his service to the Ghanaian people, President John Dramani Mahama bestowed the honor of Officer of the Order of Volta upon him. Like the Methodists, the Roman Catholic missionaries spread the faith notably in the interior, which later became Protectorate. Crampton, Edmund Patrick Thurman. This post may contain affiliate links. Instead of needing to import skilled workers such as carpenters, the mission schools provided colonial governments with workers capable of building and maintaining the colonys infrastructure and basic technology, a contribution that kept the colonies running smoothly. 503 0 obj <> endobj Andreas Riis, assisted by a team of West Indian evangelists, laid the foundations of the Basel Missionary Church in the country. After an unsuccessful beginning by the society of African Missions (SMA), this missionary body moved into other territories in what is now Liberia, Ghana and Nigeria. Thank you! Also, Christian missionaries in Ghana were as zealous as their counterparts in Nigeria in pioneering medical services. It happens that some people convert at the end of their life in order to be buried in the prestigious Presbyterian cemetery. Even if secondary education was provided, it was often reserved for the sons of local chiefs (Oliver 1952:212; Beck 1966: 120), an elite the colonial government could then call upon to help rule the colony, a common practice in colonial Africa. Although there were many disagreements between European missionaries and African populations, antagonising polygamy is probably the best-documented norm conflict. They also introduced vocational education in the country. These included the Basel Missionary Society, founded in Switzerland, and the Breman Mission formed in Germany. (As at December 2020). "Big things have small beginnings"; so is The Presbyterian Church of Ghana. Prior to the advent of western education, Ghana's traditional social structures had inbuilt opportunities for mobility. Called the Iwe-Irohim, was published by the missionaries. Indeed, once the souls had been saved and since the students must have been considered clever enough, European languages were almost universally the languages of instruction in the later primary years and in secondary schools (Beck 1966: 120; Foster 1965: 159; Miran 2002:127). 1. Seeing as missions in the British and Italian colonies had monopolies on education for the nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries, this reluctance meant that there were few secondary schools at all (Ayandele 1966:287; Beck 1966: 120). The Christian missionaries of different missionary societies made a tremendous contribution to education in South Africa. These pioneer mission schools met with a discouraging response.
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