Upon his return in 1324, Ms Is pious pilgrimage inspired him to commission two enormous mosques in Timbuktu and Gao. Gold, copper, and salt were a major source of income in the 12th century and the empire happened to be blessed with it, even more as it expanded. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. The exact date of Musa's accession is debated. [18], In the Songhai language, rulers of Mali such as Musa were known as the Mali-koi, koi being a title that conveyed authority over a region: in other words, the "ruler of Mali". The history of the Mandinka started in Manding region. "[42], Early European writers such as Maurice Delafosse believed that Niani, a city on what is now the border between Guinea and Mali, was the capital for most of the empire's history, and this notion has taken hold in the popular imagination. Jansen, Jan: "The Younger Brother and the Stranger. The 1375 Catalan Atlas portrayed a "city of Melly" (Catalan: ciutat de Melly) in West Africa. After the victory, King Soumaoro disappeared, and the Mandinka stormed the last of the Sosso cities. Traveling from his capital of Niani on the upper Niger River to Walata (Oualta, Mauritania) and on to Tuat (now in Algeria) before making his way to Cairo, Mansa Ms was accompanied by an impressive caravan consisting of 60,000 men including a personal retinue of 12,000 enslaved persons, all clad in brocade and Persian silk. Mansa Musa developed cities like Timbuktu and Gao into important cultural centers. [96], According to some Arabic writers, Musa's gift-giving caused a depreciation in the value of gold in Egypt. The Joma area, governed from Siguiri, controlled the central region, which encompassed Niani. Answer (1 of 3): The same thing that happened to anybody else's wealth in history: it was spent, looted, donated, or otherwise distributed. One of the five pillars of Islam states that Muslims should embark on a pilgrimage known as Hajj, to the holy city of Mecca.. 05 Mar 2023. [61], According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, the cities of Gao and Timbuktu submitted to Musa's rule as he traveled through on his return to Mali. Mansa Musa Keita's crowning achievement was his famous pilgrimage to Mecca, which started in 1324 and concluded with his return in 1326. Musa gave the gold to the poor he met along his route. His name was Mansa Musa, and he was a devout Muslim. Mansa Musa's reign itself was 25 years long. Ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. [46] Kangaba became the last refuge of the Keita royal family after the collapse of the Mali Empire, and so has for centuries been associated with Sundiata in the cultural imagination of Mande peoples. His descendants migrated to the land of Mali and established the Mandinka clan of Keita. Bowmen formed a large portion of the field army as well as the garrison. At each halt, he would regale us [his entourage] rare foods and confectionery. He brought architects from Andalusia, a region in Spain, and Cairo to build his grand palace in Timbuktu and the great Djinguereber Mosque that still stands today. It was during Suleyman's 19-year reign that Ibn Battuta visited Mali. [59], On his return journey, Musa met the Andalusian poet Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, whose eloquence and knowledge of jurisprudence impressed him, and whom he convinced to travel with him to Mali. He describes it as being north of Mali but under its domination implying some sort of vassalage for the Antasar, Yantar'ras, Medussa and Lemtuna Berber tribes. Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim. The wooden window frames of an upper storey were plated with silver foil; those of a lower storey with gold. The other characteristic of this era is the gradual loss of its northern and eastern possessions to the rising Songhai Empire and the movement of the Mali's economic focus from the trans-Saharan trade routes to the burgeoning commerce along the coast. [122] Their forces marched as far north as Kangaba, where the mansa was obliged to make a peace with them, promising not to attack downstream of Mali. [28] The Tarikh al-fattash claims that Musa accidentally killed Kanku at some point prior to his hajj. . It was "an admirable Monument", surmounted by a dome and adorned with arabesques of striking colours. Mansa Musa also known as Musa I of Mali and was the ninth Islamic ancient Emperor of West Africa in a kingdom known as the Mali Empire. Watch the map animation on From Nothing:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOexUoPc6YUBe sure to subscribe to From Nothing for more African History:https://www.. U UsefulCharts 0 followers More information Mansa Musa Family Tree Rich Man King Mansa Musa is famous for his Hajj journey, during which he stopped off in Egypt and gave out so much gold that the Egyptian economy was ruined for years to come. "[65], It is recorded that Mansa Musa traveled through the cities of Timbuktu and Gao on his way to Mecca, and made them a part of his empire when he returned around 1325. (2020, October 17). [92] Furthermore, it is difficult to meaningfully compare the wealth of historical figures such as Mansa Musa, due to the difficulty of separating the personal wealth of a monarch from the wealth of the state and the difficulty of comparing wealth in highly different societies. He stopped in Cairo along the way, and his luxurious spending and gift giving was so extensive that he diluted the value of gold by 10 to 25 percent and impacted Cairos economy for at least 12 years afterward. Several 21st century historians have firmly rejected Niani as a capital candidate based on a lack of archaeological evidence of significant trade activity, clearly described by Arab visitors, particularly during the 14th century, Mali's golden age. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [16], Al-Yafii gave Musa's name as Musa ibn Abi Bakr ibn Abi al-Aswad (Arabic: , romanized:Ms ibn Ab Bakr ibn Ab al-Aswad),[17] and Ibn Hajar gave Musa's name as Musa ibn Abi Bakr Salim al-Takruri. [70] Gbr Keita was crowned Mansa Ouali Keita II and ruled during the period of Mali's contact with Portugal. [115] The breakup of the Wolof Empire allowed Mali to reassert authority over some of its former subjects on the north bank of the Gambia, such as Wuli, by 1576. The Mali Empire reached its largest area under the Laye Keita mansas. Mansa Mari Djata, later named Sundiata Keita, saw the conquest of several key locals in the Mali Empire. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. It spanned the modern-day countries of Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, northern Burkina Faso, western Niger, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, the Ivory Coast and northern Ghana. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the king of the ancient empire of Mali in West Africa. Imperial Mali's horsemen also used iron helmet and mail armour for defence[146] as well as shields similar to those of the infantry. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. When he did finally bow, he said he was doing so for God alone. [72] In contrast, al-Umari, writing twelve years after Musa's hajj, in approximately 1337,[73] claimed that Musa returned to Mali intending to abdicate and return to live in Mecca but died before he could do so,[74] suggesting he died even earlier than 1332. Free warriors from the south came armed with bows and poisonous arrows. [27] His list does not necessarily accurately reflect the actual organization of the Mali Empire,[28] and the identification of the listed provinces is controversial. Trade was Mali's form of income, and wealth. [98], The wealth of the Mali Empire did not come from direct control of gold-producing regions, but rather trade and tribute. [125] Farin was a general term for northern commander at the time. [22], Genealogy of the mansas of the Mali Empire up to Magha II (d.c.1389), based on Levtzion's interpretation of Ibn Khaldun. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. [10], Mali, Mand, Manden, and Manding are all various pronunciations of the same word across different languages and dialects. His elaborate pilgrimage to the Muslim holy city of Mecca in 1324 introduced him to rulers in the Middle East and in Europe. [95] Musa himself further promoted the appearance of having vast, inexhaustible wealth by spreading rumors that gold grew like a plant in his kingdom. [11][12] The version recorded by medieval Arab geographers is Mali (Arabic: , romanized:Ml). By 1350, the empire covered approximately 478,819 square miles (1,240,140km2). He also states that Djata or "Jatah" means "lion". The only real requirement was that the mansa knew he could trust this individual to safeguard imperial interests. The identification of Niani as imperial capital is rooted in an (possibly erroneous) interpretation of the Arab traveler al Umari's work, as well as some oral histories. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. [86] As Fajigi, Musa is sometimes conflated with a figure in oral tradition named Fakoli, who is best known as Sunjata's top general. Mansa Musa began extending the shores of the empire alongside amassing great wealth and riches. While this was probably an exaggeration, it is known that during his pilgrimage to Mecca one of his generals, Sagmandia (Sagaman-dir), extended the empire by capturing the Songhai capital of Gao. [99] The gold Musa brought on his pilgrimage probably represented years of accumulated tribute that Musa would have spent much of his early reign gathering. [20] For the later period of the Mali Empire, the major written primary sources are Portuguese accounts of the coastal provinces of Mali and neighboring societies.[21]. Embedded by Arienne King, published on 17 October 2020. Mali was thriving for a long time, but like other west African kingdoms, Mali began to fall. The kingdom of Mali was relatively unknown outside of West Africa until this event. Like the Great Mosque, a contemporaneous and grandiose structure in Timbuktu, the Hall was built of cut stone. The mansa could also replace a farba if he got out of control, as in the case of Diafunu. The buildings were constructed from slabs of salt and roofed with camel skins. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The value of the salt was chiefly determined by the transport costs. They founded the first village of the Manding, Kirikoroni, then Kirina, Siby, Kita. [116] Songhai authority over Bendugu and Kala declined by 1571, and Mali may have been able to reassert some authority over them. [70] However, once Sundiata did gain use of his legs he grew strong and very respected. The second account is that of the traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Mali in 1352. Sandaki likely means High Counsellor or Supreme Counsellor, from san or sanon (meaning "high") and adegue (meaning counsellor). The lands of Bambougou, Jalo (Fouta Djallon), and Kaabu were added into Mali by Fakoli Koroma (Nkrumah in Ghana, Kurumah in the Gambia, Colley in Casamance, Senegal),[70] Fran Kamara (Camara) and Tiramakhan Traore (Tarawelley in the Gambia),[77] respectively Among the many different ethnic groups surrounding Manden were Pulaar speaking groups in Macina, Tekrur and Fouta Djallon. Ag-Amalwal. 24 June, 2022. [82], Musa is less renowned in Mand oral tradition as performed by the jeliw. [60] In return for their submission, they became "farbas", a combination of the Mandinka words "farin" and "ba" (great farin). During his reign, Mali was one of the richest kingdoms of Africa, and Mansa Musa was among the richest individuals in the world. The Wolof populations of the area united into their own state known as the Jolof Empire in the 1350s. [97] Though this has been described as having "wrecked" Egypt's economy,[85] the historian Warren Schultz has argued that this was well within normal fluctuations in the value of gold in Mamluk Egypt. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. [39] Her jamu (clan name) Konte is shared with both Sunjata's mother Sogolon Konte and his arch-enemy Sumanguru Konte. Robert Smith, "The Canoe in West African History", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBourgeois1987 (, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Kitab al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Book of Highways and Kingdoms) Ab Ubayd Al-Bakri, "The Empire of Mali, In Our Time BBC Radio 4", "Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources".
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