Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. . Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. Upset stomach and vomiting. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. C) the severity and duration of the problem. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape How does hypnosis work? In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Reduced urine. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). They were ALL my fault. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Treatment. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Sore throat. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). A) managed care As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013).
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