xVr6}WSF;Tdi*3_ rI" $<2={/!o;(J !^(t277wK^ | dy /Tabs /S >> endstream And in Hawaii. /S /URI /GS7 46 0 R If intimidation is unsuccessful, a fight may ensue where pushing, gripping, and flipping are all fair game. The stunted growth is often attributed to a lack of nutrients, high salinity, and rocky soils. Consumer - organism that feeds upon something else. What's a Mangrove? Women removing the shell from mangrove mudshells in Malaita, Solomon Islands. /Subject (BSM-4109: Project Preparation WSC) /Parent 3 0 R /CropBox [0 0 612 792] As the leaves age, the cells grow in size since more water is needed to dilute the accumulating salt. /Type /Font An official website of the United States government. >> Just like other species that are expanding poleward in response to a warming climate, Aratus pisonii is moving northward. As for their ability to evolve in the face of a major stressor, like sea level rise, genetic diversity is key for a species to adapt to change. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Products from mangroves are also used in soaps, cosmetics, perfumes, and insecticides. /Type /Page Mangroves further improve water quality by absorbing nutrients from runoff that might otherwise cause harmful algal blooms offshore. /Type /Pages The adult males congregate on mangrove leaves where they display synchronous, flashing light sequences to attract females. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /S /Transparency >> An insect and plant ecologist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, she has collected dozens of insects once unknown to science. /Type /Page >> The best examples of producers are plants, lichens and algae, which convert water, sunlight and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. Aside from the high accumulation of organic matter from the operation of the fishpond, the high soil organic carbon in mangrove forests can also be attributed to the rapid decomposition rate and. Along with birds, butterflies, bees, and moths, bats are an essential pollinator for mangroves. /Border [0 0 0] However, most mangroves do better in ranges between 3 and 27 ppt. /GS7 46 0 R 23 0 obj >> The Sundarban mangrove forest is home to the great Asian honey bee and collecting that bees honey may be one of the riskiest occupations in the world. /GS8 47 0 R /Slide /Part /ExtGState << 4 0 obj Throughout the night the bats will travel tree to tree and the pollen is transferred to flowers of different individuals. >> << Sometimes they are inundated with fresh river water, while during summer droughts the soil can become exceptionally salty when the fresh river water is almost nonexistent. /F3 50 0 R Organic carbon inputs2.1.. Mangrove ecosystem productivityThe most widely used proxy of mangrove productivity is annual litter fall, which is known to show a latitudinal gradient, being highest close to the equator (e.g., Twilley et al., 1992).Typical global average litterfall rates are in the order of 38 mol C m 2 year 1 (Twilley et al., 1992, Jennerjahn and Ittekkot, 2002). /GS7 46 0 R /F2 224 0 R /Font << /Tabs /S Parasitic species cause such diseases as 'die-back' of mangroves, but the majority are saprophytic on wood debris and leaf litter, contributing as decomposers to the mangrove ecosystem's food chain. The mangrove, The long nose of a proboscis monkey may look funny, but for female monkeys, its an attractive trait. These wetlands are often found in estuaries, where fresh water meets salt water and are infamous for their impenetrable maze of woody vegetation. /Parent 3 0 R /GS8 47 0 R Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical regions. /URI (https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/christian-dunn\(fe8e7d0e-d788-47ba-9674-243648c382cb\).html) /Font << Due to deforestation, they are endangered on the IUCNs red list and are protected from hunting and capture. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F3 29 0 R The ocean is teeming with plants and animals willing and able to move beyond their native habitats, sometimes with the help of humans. Mangrove forests along open bays and lagoons that experience full sun are considered to be mangrove fringe. 6 0 obj /GS7 46 0 R 35 0 obj /ExtGState << Some individuals will grow to be no more than stunted shrubs while others will grow to be up to 131 feet (40 meters) tall. /F1 48 0 R Moreover, mangroves rely on mud buildup from rivers to help them make the transition, but studies suggest that in at least some parts of the world, mud isnt building up fast enough compared to the rate of sea level rise. `:v4 endobj - Smithsonian Magazine. /Resources << /Rotate 0 /Font << /Resources << >> >> Mangrove forests save lives. endobj Shantelle Friesen /F6 54 0 R Some species like Conocarpus erectus, the buttonwood, are often grouped with mangroves since they hug the upper edge of mangrove forests, however, they lack many of the characteristic adaptations of mangroves and are labeled mangrove associates. When all plants that live in a mangrove environment are accounted for, there are well over 80 mangrove species. /Resources << << >> Using their claws, they move the mud onto mounds aboveground, in some cases up to three meters tall. And in the Gulf of California in Mexico, mangroves provide habitat for about 32 percent of the local fishery landings, an equivalent of 15,000 dollars per acre. /F1 48 0 R >> /Tabs /S LS2.B Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems: Food webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy is transferred between producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique >> >> 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R /Rotate 0 }7XpYa" ,BH |Z!MGXvezG`IL3hS)N _DkD8B*"i3p{G{# 4BlUi@N7HDJ/@9.G!`_Kd ",ge\+4>)WI6yz"3.fy.by/Ez=h)X/ktDKS i=>~$&+$m]t2,&'/+;7Zy&_xM;dQNTqWXgYhHL:6"', The dECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN MANGROVE ecosystems: A REVIEW. However, none of this would be possible without the lowly decomposers quietly recycling everything that comes their way. A 2013 study found that 71 percent of the forest is experiencing 656 feet (200 meters) of coastline retreat per year, almost the length of two football fields. /S /URI Thailand, Bangkok: Royal Forest . Producers are organisms that create food from inorganic matter. /CS /DeviceRGB 2. >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] These ecosystems sustain billions of worms, protozoa, barnacles (Balanus spp. . /StructParents 9 In places where freshwater streams meet the salty ocean, there are masses of trees called mangroves wading into the water. Not only do mangroves manage to survive in challenging conditions, the mangrove ecosystem also supports an incredible diversity of creaturesincluding some species unique to mangrove forests. They are also important because they provide a habitat for other species that live in the ecosystem, like fish and birds. >> Some of their projects include a smartphone app for East African mangroves that allows anyone to collect data on mangrove health. /Parent 3 0 R endobj Many of those fish species feed other species that visit the mangroves, in turn supporting whole communities. Mangrove ecosystem is a system consisting of biotic and abiotic environments that interact with each other in a mangrove habitat (Kusmana, 2002). Mangroves host a few species of crabs that are known to climb trees. , rice and palm oil farming, and industrial activityare rapidly replacing these salt-tolerant trees and the ecosystems they support. Reviewed by: Sylvie Tremblay, M.Sc. They capture sunlight from the sun and use it as "food" Give an example of a decomposer. /F1 48 0 R All mangroves have evolved special adaptations that enable them to live in salty, oxygen-poor soil. Mangroves form dense barriers against storms and tsunamis, and protecting property. /BaseFont /Helvetica >> /Type /Group A resident of riverine mangroves in Central and South America, the spectacled caimandoesnt wear glasses, of course. /GS8 47 0 R /F4 51 0 R /F5 52 0 R Frogs cling to bark and leaves. >> A stilt root grows toward the soil, arcing away from the central trunk like a flying buttress. /GS7 46 0 R /Contents 65 0 R Florida's southwest coast supports one of the largest mangrove swamps in the world. Some of these invasive species are encroaching upon the habitats of mangroves. They will leap into the air to impress females and if the male succeeds in winning a female over, the male mudskipper watches over their eggs in his underground den. In a city of underground burrows, territoriality is the rule of life for fiddler crabs. /Rect [328.19 400 546.06 410] While most tiger species avoid humans, this tiger is notorious for actively hunting humans, a trait that has earned it the name man eater. Although for a time, fear of the creatures and the inaccessibility of their chosen habitat protected the tigers from human poaching, recent sea level rise is now threatening their existence. Isolated from the main land and terrestrial predators, it is a popular place for birds to nest. ), and other invertebrates. >> >> /Count 17 JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. /C [0 0 1] /Font << (1991) Fungal diseases in mangrove forest ecosystem. /Length 1009 /Border [0 0 0] /Contents [38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R] /Type /Page /ModDate (D:20171107163810Z) /Border [0 0 0] food chain noun And, as scientists are discovering, mangrove swamps are extremely important to our own well-being and to the health of the planet. /A << /Rotate 0 Under the strictest guidelines, there are roughly 54 true species of mangrove belonging to 16 different families. Some crabs are notorious for eating and destroying young seedlings. /F1 48 0 R Once the deadfall has been chewed into fine pieces, bacteria, protozoans and microbes get to work breaking those particles into even smaller pieces. As the bats fly in for a drink, the pollen from the flower sticks to their bodies. /Filter /FlateDecode /Parent 3 0 R /Header /Sect Microbes and fungi among the mangrove roots use the decaying material as fuel and in return, they recycle nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and iron for the mangroves. With only about 80 species of true mangrove trees worldwide, mangrove ecosystems comprise a relatively low number of habitat-forming tree species, but a high diversity of decomposer, detritivorous and consumer species. /Font << Rich in tanninscompounds that are notable for their influence on the taste of red winemangrove bark is used in the tanning of animal skins to make leather. /Subtype /Form /Subtype /Type1 /CropBox [0 0 612 792] This process helps provide organic nutrients for the ecosystem where it lives. /S /URI z>?aY"{TV[$04`ViPdLBi[R ;{q{FcsY{|WQs4(IB[o$=XT| /ExtGState << /GS7 46 0 R << Consumers are organisms that cannot create their food. Despite recent efforts to make shrimp farming sustainable, it is still a destructive enterprise that is threatening the existence of mangroves around the world. What Killed NorthernAustralia's Mangroves? 8 [122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R] stream /F6 54 0 R /Tabs /S /Annotation /Sect /Resources << /Contents 62 0 R Mangroves categorized as secretors, including species in the black mangrove genus Avicennia, push salt from the ocean water out through special pores or salt glands within their leaves. coffee bean snail). Mangrove trees dominate this wetland ecosystem due to their ability to survive in both salt and fresh water. /Type /Group /C [0 0 1] >> crcst test prep; crcst free test questions; paid test; crcst exam prep notes; subscribe >> In 1918, their most northern limit was Miami. /Rect [220.37 400 290.95 410] /F1 223 0 R The lenticels contain substances that are hydrophobic, meaning they repel water, so when submerged, water cannot flood into the root. /Workbook /Document There are around 80 different species of mangroves worldwide, and they are all characterized as trees or shrubs that grow in warm, salty water. << /F3 50 0 R Thailand, the top shrimp exporter for much of the early 2000s, now has stricter regulations that restrict new farms from encroaching on mangroves. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Initially toxic from the deep, acidic soil coming into contact with the air, the mounds eventually lose their acidity and become excellent places for little mangroves, including several species of the mangrove fern. In Eastern Australia, the mangrove Avicennia marina can grow as far south as 38 degrees and Avicennia germinans can grow as far north as 32 degrees in the Atlantic. /F5 52 0 R Decomposer Definition A decomposer is an organism that decomposes, or breaks down, organic material such as the remains of dead organisms. The dense, intertwining, for many colorful coral reef fishes and for other fishes valued by fishermen. Products from mangroves are also used in soaps, cosmetics, perfumes, and insecticides. /Resources << /F6 54 0 R << At smaller scales, bacteria and fungi are major decomposers in mangrove ecosystems. Many people bear scars from tiger encounters. Pneumatophores are specialized roots that act like snorkels when partially flooded and have pores called lenticels that cover their surface where oxygen exchange occurs. << >> /F4 51 0 R >> Insects, like ants and beetles, will shred most of the leafy matter into tiny pieces with the help of protozoans and little crustaceans called amphipods. Proc Natl . >> In 1991, a powerful cyclonic storm made landfall in an area of Bangladesh where the mangroves had been stripped away. For many mangroves, however, the salt is dealt with after it enters the plant. But by 1996, less than 20 percent of those mangroves had survived. These organisms carry out the process of decomposition, which all living organisms undergo after death. /F5 52 0 R And in Hawaii, Rhizophora mangle from Florida were introduced by the American Sugar Company in 1902 in an effort to maintain erroiding coastlines, and later Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Conocarpus erectus were also introduced. The root surface has hundreds of lenticel openings, like the pneumatophores in Avicennia and Laguncularia, and knee roots of other species. Types of Decomposers There are two main kinds of decomposers, scavengers and decomposers. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /StructParents 0 Dwarf, or scrub, mangrove forests only attain canopy heights of less than 5 feet (1.5 meters) although they contain the same species as the other types of forest. (Graphic created by Ashley Gallagher. >> >> Cameron is a writer and educator based out of Fort Collins, Colorado. 11 0 obj The salty soils of the intertidal pose an inhospitable barrier for most woody plants, but the mangrove is uniquely adapted for these conditions. Amphipods and other small grazers speed up the process by reducing the litter mechanically to detritus. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] College of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China 2. endobj << 24 0 obj >> /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold But without alternative means to make a living, year after year the honey hunters return to the forest. The mangrove trees often glow as though strung with Christmas tree lights. In the Americas, Aratus pisonii, the mangrove tree crab, can cling to tree bark as well as to wooden docks and pilings. In fact, the various species of mangroves arent necessarily closely related to one another, but they do share the unique capability of growing within reach of the tides in salty soil. /URI (https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/chris-freeman\(b6ef0867-8ceb-40bd-8939-f16d48db384b\).html) << /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Although mangrove populations have flourished in that last 6,000 years, a past change in sea level during the retreat of the glaciers roughly 20,000 years ago, potentially killed a majority of their population. The rise of shrimp farming is a response to the increasing appetite for shrimp in the United States, Europe, Japan and China in recent decades. /GS8 47 0 R /ExtGState << Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous are key to the health of plants. uuid:841c3460-6260-4287-b186-596bb86c75ec While most terrestrial plants use whats called a taproot to burrow deep into the ground for support, several mangrove species rely on sprawling cable roots that stay within a few centimeters of the soils surface for stability and access to oxygen. /GS7 46 0 R >> One isopod called Sphaeroma terebrans will burrow into prop roots causing them to easily snap. /GS8 47 0 R /GS7 46 0 R /Type /Group Its a worrisome situation considering one study found that a mangrove forest can cut the death toll of a coastal storm by about two-thirds. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Describe the difference between decomposers and consumers in an ecosystem? Based upon findings that seedlings do best when they are submerged for 30 percent of the time and dry for the remaining 70, Lewis and a team of engineers modified the coastal landscape by moving piles of dirt with bulldozers and backhoes away from the experiment site. As the trees grow they take the carbon from carbon dioxide and use it as the building blocks for their leaves, roots and branches. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Although there are a few places where mangrove cover appears to be increasing, between 2001 and 2012 the world lost roughly 35 to 97 square miles of mangrove forest per year. For this reason, mangrove forests are considered nursery habitats. /Type /Group 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R They improve water quality by filtering runoff and polluted waters. /Rotate 0 In the Philippines, for instance, the World Bank spent $35 million to plant nearly 3 million mangrove seedlings in the Central Visayas between 1984 and 1992. And theyre not alone. Not many large animals can navigate the thick undergrowth and sinking mud pits of a mangrove forest, but for the Royal Bengal tiger, the treacherous habitat is the perfect hunting ground. /F1 48 0 R There are three kinds of mangroves: black, red and white. /Textbox /Sect The Sundarbans Forest, a UNESCO World Heritage site at the mouth of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Megha Rivers in the Bay of Bengal fronting India and Bangladesh, is a network of muddy islands and waterways that extends roughly 3,860 square miles (10,000 square km), two times the size of the state of Delaware. decomposition, mangroves and other vegetated coastal ecosystems represent an important global carbon sink (Donato et al., 2011; Yuan et al., 2015). The cooler temperatures of northern temperate regions prove too much for the mangroves. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] And in Australia, the mangrove forests are renowned for the massive saltwater crocodile, a reptile that can reach up to 17 feet! /Type /Page After mangrove flowers are pollinated the plants produce seeds that immediately begin to germinate into seedlings. National Ocean Service: What is a Mangrove Forest? >> /A << >> /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 63 0 R They also provide us with an ample supple of food, like seafood, fruit, medicines, fiber, and wood. /Contents 69 0 R When most tree species take about 8 to 15 years to reach a reproductive age, these seedlings take just one year. >> /Rect [127 470 311.2 480] Plant-soil feedbacks in mangrove ecosystems are important for ecosystem resilience and can be investigated by establishing links between empirical and modelling studies. /Tabs /S endobj /Group << Mid water - fish are the main predators here. ] /StructParents 1 A satellite imageof the Sundarbans Forest. /Subtype /Link endobj /Type /Page Mangrove offspring begin to grow while still attached to their parent. Medicinal properties from mangroves include relieving pain, decreasing inflammation, treating diabetes, acting as an antitumor drug, ridding the body of parasites, as an antiseptic, and many, many more. This low diversity means that mangroves of a single species are so similar that the genetic makeup of one individual is almost identical to its neighbor. /Nums [0 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R] The burrowing mud lobsters are industrious workers that play an important role in many mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific Region. Mangroves naturally absorb influxes of water on a daily basis and are able to cope with the extra flooding during a storm. 873g,`k|AJkXn >$(q`i8g#mkVV9{J All of these components are substances . Some organisms will eat the leaves directly, especially crabs and insects, while other decomposers wait for the mangrove leaves to fall to the ground and consume the decaying material. >> >> /Title (The dECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN MANGROVE ecosystems: A REVIEW) /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Page Based upon findings that seedlings do best when they are submerged for 30 percent of the time and dry for the remaining 70, Lewis and a team of engineers modified the coastal landscape by moving piles of dirt with bulldozers and backhoes away from the experiment site. Plants Found in This Habitat. 14 [193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R /Type /Page << /Contents 55 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R uuid:86349735-81aa-4137-878f-95fa66914b4d endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Inhabitants of the mangrove forests in Borneo, these monkeys rarely leave the branches of the trees, though they are one of the best primate swimmers and will leap into the water in a comical belly-flop. Their importance lies in their ability to aggressively degrade lignocellulose. The mangrove forests from the tip of Florida to the Carribean are home to another marine reptile, the American crocodile, a species once endangered but now, thanks to conservation efforts, is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN red list. As the salty water evaporates, noticeable salt crystals often form on the surface of the leaves. The leaves of some mangrove can also store unwanted salt. 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R In 2006, two nearby archipelagos were washed away, an illustration that the threat of the entire forest vanishing beneath the ocean is a real concern. /A << >> >> << A decomposer in science is "an organism that feeds on and breaks down dead animal or plant matter" and breaks down the waste of other organisms. >> /CS /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode Without them, dead plants and animals would keep piling up with the nutrients the soil needs trapped inside. They grow mangrove seedlings in greenhouses and then transplant them into mudflats along the oceans edge. After 7 years, all three of Floridas mangrove species naturally re-established. Over several years a toxic sludge accumulates on the bottom of a shrimp pond and regardless of a farmers efforts to clean and maintain the pond, it will eventually be abandoned. ), oysters ( Crassostrea spp. (Ilka C. Feller/Smithsonian Institution, made possible by LightHawk), . The Sundarban mangrove forest is home to the great Asian honey bee and collecting that bees honey may be one of the riskiest occupations in the world. /Group << >> /Lang (en-GB) << endobj /Rect [175.35 400 220.37 410] The pneumatophores of Sonneratia species can reach up to 10 feet (3 meters) in height, taller than a grown man. But, take away the super cold freezes and the young mangroves are able to survive the winter. This is where decomposers come in. /F4 51 0 R endobj >> Iron, phosphorus, and sulfur dynamics are closely coupled to the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, the primary decomposers in anoxic soils of mangrove ecosystems. And in Australia, the mangrove forests are renowned for the massive saltwater crocodile, a reptile that can reach up to 17 feet! /URI (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.06.069) endobj All in all, researchers estimate, the world's mangrove forests provide human communities with many, Mangroves have a global estimated worth of 1,648 billion dollars. /S /Transparency 5 [107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R] /GS7 46 0 R The introduction of mangrove forests on Hawaii has particularly impacted native birds that are unable to roost in the mangroves and are preyed upon by nonnative rats and mongooses that hide in the mangrove roots. 6(\F 4}d(OWL0fDDUcS_ G0 /Tabs /S /Border [0 0 0] Mangroves are among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on Earth. /Group << How do their components work? endobj Knee roots are a type of horizontal root that periodically grow vertically and then, in a near hairpin loop, grow back downsimilar to the look of a bent knee. The, How diverse are mangroves? The wood is frequently used to build stilt houses, furniture, fences, bridges, fishing poles and traps, canoes, rafts, and boats. 39 0 obj << >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The roots undulate away from the trunk in curving S shapes. /F6 54 0 R /Subtype /XML /CS /DeviceRGB Pneumatophores, like these cone roots, help the tree gain access to oxygen even when the roots are partially submerged. /CS /DeviceRGB At a global scale, there are several groups that have committed to helping both restore and conserve the worlds mangrove forests. /Type /Font << The problem is that this approach doesnt work very well. The same study also found that as mangrove width decreased, the death toll from coastal storms increased. /Type /Group /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] While most tiger species avoid humans, this tiger is notorious for actively hunting humans, a trait that has earned it the name man eater. Although for a time, fear of the creatures and the inaccessibility of their chosen habitat protected the tigers from human poaching, recent sea level rise is now threatening their existence. a fight may ensue where pushing, gripping, and flipping are all fair game. More importantly, decomposers make vital nutrients available to an ecosystem 's primary producers usually plants and algae. >> They improve water quality by filtering runoff and polluted waters. Ecosystem Maintenance Decomposers are like the housekeepers of an ecosystem. The good thing is that nothing goes to waste in these ecosystems. /F1 48 0 R 28 0 obj The five different types of mangrove forests. /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Metadata 2 0 R In contrast, the matter in an ecosystem is continuously recycled as atoms are combined and recombined in different ways. /Contents 64 0 R People who live in mangrove forests often rely on fishing to make a living. /StructParents 6 uzZC*y5vPc~p7p0^;~=qQ$@YIhF?JpSa~QF Os64~EkBX?jJasC|`HgoV:HE People attempt to restore mangroves all around the world. << In the mangrove forests of the Ganges Delta in the Sundarban forest of India and Bangladesh, roughly 500 tigers call the intertidal home.
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