J Neuro-Oncol. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. PubMed 2013;89:11007. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. J Natl Cancer Inst. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. 2015;51:15865. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Behav Brain Res. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. 2001;93:2037. 2013;34:58998. Annu Rev Physiol. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Othman et al. CAS Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. 1996;93:46938. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. CAS 2005;360:6577. PubMed J Sleep Res. 2009;72:20514. Bioelectromagnetics. Sci STKE. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Wang et al. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. 2007;28:187380. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. 2010;28:445. Google Scholar. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. PubMed MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Mack et al. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Google Scholar. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Xu et al. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Privacy Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Google Scholar. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. 2004;48:46624. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Article Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Neuroreport. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. millimeter, or equivalently. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. J Neurosci. as it have a harmful side. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Wang et al. Lai et al. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Pathophysiology. Neurol Sci. 2012;35:32534. PubMed 2007;210:63544. Clinics. Mol Neurobiol. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. 2003;80:177. Neurosci Lett. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Radiat Biol. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. 2000;6:18793. Article J Mol Neurosci. 2007;34:146779. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. 2004;115:1490505. Behav Brain Res. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. 2005;161:52635. 2012;31:6774. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. 2014;90:2935. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Google Scholar. Neuroreport. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. 2002;64:31353. 2006;27:295306. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. 2006;79:13140. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. 2002;57:2702. Am J Epidemiol. Int J Radiat Biol. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. 1992;6:379. 2004;996:8996. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Part of Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. 2015;91:42634. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Thus, Cosquer et al. CAS The conclusions are shown in Table3. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. 2015;28:1324. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. 2003;41:26887. 2001;12:72931. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Military Medical Research Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Behav Brain Res. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. Xiong et al. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. CAS [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. 2003;140:147. 1975;148:1723. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Bioelectromagnetics. 1996;180:917. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;155:3743. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Motawi et al. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. 2010;3:4650. 2011;107:35661. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. CAS However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;27:16471. Kwon et al. Brain Res. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 2017;38:106976. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. 2010;2010. Electromagn Biol Med. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. 2005;22:32931. Bioelectromagnetics. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Biol Chem. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. 2002;13:11921. Terms and Conditions, Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. 1992;49:1818. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Front Neurosci. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Zhang et al. Xu et al. Electromagn Biol Med. Google Scholar. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Correspondence to [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Indian J Occup Environ Med. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. . A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. 2005;1042:1018. Int J Radiat Biol. 2014;12:75. 2006;165:63644. 2013;17:711. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. 2014;70:84555. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Nature. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Mil Med Sci. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Koch C, Zador A. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Neuroscience. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. 2016;25:31827. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. 2003;80:194210. Dasdag et al. Article In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. 2000;11:16413. Bioelectromagnetics. Neurosci Lett. Suhhova et al. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. radiation with wavelengths. By using this website, you agree to our Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. J Pharm Sci. J Clin Oncol. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. 2016;74:99107. Toxicol Sci. Wang et al. Zhao et al. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg.
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